Old Man Willow is a fictional character inJ. R. R. Tolkien's fantasyepic novelThe Lord of the Rings, appearing in the first volume,The Fellowship of the Ring. He is a malign tree-spirit of great age inTom Bombadil'sOld Forest, appearing physically as a largewillow tree beside the River Withywindle, but spreading his influence throughout the forest. He is the first hostile character encountered by theHobbits after they leavethe Shire.
Tolkien made a drawing of Old Man Willow while writing the chapter about him; his sonChristopher suggests it was based on a tree by theRiver Cherwell atOxford. A predatory tree appears ina 1934 poem, but Tolkien did not arrive at the malevolent Old Man Willow, both tree and spirit, for some years. Scholars have debated the nature of the tree; some have been surprised by it, as Tolkien is seen as anenvironmentalist. The character was omitted by bothRalph Bakshi andPeter Jackson from theirfilm versions ofThe Lord of the Rings.
ProtagonistFrodo Baggins and hisHobbit companionsSam Gamgee andPippin Took set out from his home at Hobbiton inthe Shire. They are pursued by mysteriousBlack Riders.[T 1] They travel eastwards and cross the Bucklebury Ferry over the Brandywine River, meeting their friendMerry Brandybuck.[T 2] They rest briefly in Buckland,[T 3] deciding to shake off the Black Riders by cutting through theOld Forest.[T 4]
Old Man Willow first appeared in Tolkien's poem "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", published in 1934 inThe Oxford Magazine.[2]
Old Man Willow is a malign tree-spirit of great age inTom Bombadil's Old Forest, appearing physically as a largewillow tree beside the River Withywindle, but spreading his influence throughout the forest. AsTolkien explains in the narrative ofThe Lord of the Rings:[T 4][3]
But none was more dangerous than the Great Willow: his heart was rotten, but his strength was green; and he was cunning, and a master of winds, and his song and thought ran through the woods on both sides of the river. His grey thirsty spirit drew power out of the earth and spread like fine root-threads in the ground, and invisible twig fingers in the air, till it had under its dominion nearly all the trees of the Forest from the Hedge to the Downs.[T 5]
In the story, Old Man Willow casts a spell on thehobbits, causing them to feel sleepy.Merry andPippin lean against the trunk of the willow and fall asleep, while Frodo sits on a root to dangle his feet in the water, before he also falls asleep. The willow then traps Merry and Pippin in the cracks of its trunk and tipsFrodo into the stream, but the latter is saved bySam, who, suspicious of the tree, manages to remain awake. After Frodo and Sam start a fire out of dry leaves, grass, and bits of bark in an attempt to frighten the tree, Merry shouts from the inside to put the fire out because the tree says it is going to squeeze them to death. They are saved by the arrival ofTom Bombadil who sings to the ancient tree to release Merry and Pippin. The tree then ejects the two hobbits.[T 4] Once they are safely in his house, Bombadil explains to the hobbits that the "Great Willow" is wholly evil, and has gradually spread his domination across the Old Forest until almost all the trees from the Hedge to the Barrow-downs are under his control.[T 5]
Tolkien made a careful pencil and coloured pencil drawing of Old Man Willow while he was writing the chapter "The Old Forest";Wayne Hammond andChristina Scull call it "a fine example" of the drawings he made to support his creative writing. They note that "with a little imagination"[1] a face can just be made out on the right-hand side of the tree above the arm-like branch. Tolkien describes it as a "huge willow-tree, old and hoary"; to the hobbits it seemed enormous, though Hammond and Scull observe that it does not seem so in the drawing. Tolkien's son John suggests that it was based on one of the fewunpollarded willows on theRiver Cherwell atOxford.[1]
Tolkien was aphilologist.Jason Fisher, writing that "all stories begin with words", takes upEdmund Wilson's "denigrating dismissal" ofThe Lord of the Rings as "a philological curiosity", replying that to him this is "precisely one of its greatest strengths".[4] Fisher explores in detail the connotations of Tolkien's use of words meaning bent and twisted, includingRingwraith as well as willow orwithy (a willow, or flexible twigs from it twisted andwoven intowicker baskets), this last fromOld Englishwiþig. "Windle", too, is an old word for a wicker basket, from Old Englishwindel-treow, the willow, the basket-maker's tree, as well as a cognate of the modern English "to wind". Thus, Old Man Willow's Withywindle is perhaps the "willow-winding" river.[4] Fisher comments, too, that Old Man Willow could be said to have gone to the bad, like the Ringwraiths or in the words of theMiddle English poemPearl that Tolkien translated,wyrþe so wrange away, "writhed so wrong away" or "strayed so far from right".[4]
The Tolkien scholarVerlyn Flieger writes that Old Man Willow first appears as "a predatory tree" in the 1934 poem "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", and that the character is developed inThe Lord of the Rings, as documented inThe Return of the Shadow. In an early draft from 1938, she writes, the "Willow" tree and the "Old Man" character had not yet become a single "indivisible being". Instead, Tolkien writes of "how that grey thirsty earth-bound spirit had become imprisoned in the greatest Willow of the Forest."[5] Flieger writes that in this draft and in the 1943 "Manuscript B", Tolkien links "a tree and a spirit, a 'non-incarnate mind'" which is "imprisoned" in an individual tree. She comments that Tolkien solved the problem of how a spirit might become trapped in this way by turning them into a single being, at once a tree and a spirit.[5]
Saguaro and Thacker comment that critics have puzzled over Tolkien's description of Old Man Willow, as it does not fit with Tolkien's image as anenvironmentalist "tree-hugger". They write that trees (like other creatures in Tolkien's world) are subject to the corruption of theFall of Man, mentioning Tolkien's Catholicism. They state that while Tolkien's writings on the meaning of trees verges on the pagan, both theOld and theNew Testament use trees as symbols – theTree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in theBook of Genesis, thecross, the tree of death in the Gospels, and the Tree of Life inRevelation (22:2). In their view, Tolkien succeeds in "bring[ing] all these elements together" inThe Lord of the Rings: death, creation, sub-creation, re-creation.[3] Dickerson writes that Old Man Willow indicates both that nature, like Man, is fallen, and that it is actively hostile to Man.[6] The Tolkien criticJared Lobdell compares the "treachery of natural things in an animate world" seen in the character of Old Man Willow toAlgernon Blackwood's story "The Willows".[7][8]
Paul H. Kocher writes that it is unclear whether the tree's malice derives from the Dark LordSauron, or is simply the tree's own "natural hatred for destructive mankind", and notes that the hostility extends to all travellers, "innocent and guilty alike".[9]
The scholar of literature James Obertino comments that "'Every obstacle that arises' in the hero's path 'wears the shadowy features of theTerrible Mother'", who in Aeneas's case is the goddessJuno, in Frodo's "the darkness that is Old Man Willow", along with that of theBarrow-wight andMoria.[10] Obertino likens Frodo's encounters with these darknesses tocatabasis, the descent into an underworld, complete with psychological interpretations of personal development, of a hero such asVirgil'sAeneas. He adds that Frodo initially finds comfort in the darkness, "in danger of succumbing to the charm ofuroboric incest", as he slumbers beside Old Man Willow, and again in the Barrow-wight's deathly dwelling-place.[10]
E. L. Risden states that the elimination ofthe Ring and Sauron along with his servants theRingwraiths andSaruman removed the most powerful sources of evil in the world. Others like Old Man Willow were not removed, "but they too will now fade into quietness. The remaining world, blander, has more narrowly circumscribed limits."[11]
![A frame from the Russian television play Khraniteli[12]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aKhraniteli_Old_Man_Willow.jpg)
Old Man Willow, like the Old Forest and Tom Bombadil, was not included inPeter Jackson'sfilms ofThe Lord of the Rings. Justifying the excision, Jackson asked rhetorically inFrom Book to Script "So, you know, what does Old Man Willow contribute to the story of Frodo carrying the Ring? ... it's not really advancing our story & it's not really telling us things that we need to know."[13]
Of the earlier adaptations,Terence Tiller's 1955–1956radio play did include Old Man Willow and Bombadil, in a production not liked by Tolkien, though no recording survives.[13] Morton Zimmerman's unproduced 1957 highly-compressed script, criticised by Tolkien for rushing rather than cutting, similarly included them: Bombadil takes the hobbits straight from Old Man Willow to the Barrow-downs, all the action in the episode seemingly occurring in one day.[13]John Boorman's unproduced c. 1970 script did not include them; the hobbits "getting high on mushrooms" instead.[13]Ralph Bakshi's1978 animated film omits the Old Forest altogether, setting a precedent for Jackson.[13]
Although the hobbits do not pass through the Old Forest in Jackson's film ofThe Fellowship of the Ring, the map shown on screen earlier in the film does include Buckland, the Old Forest, and the Barrow-downs. The extended edition DVD ofThe Two Towers includes a scene with Old Man Willow, although that scene is inFangorn Forest rather than the Old Forest like the book, and in the DVD theEntTreebeard is the one who unlocks Old Man Willow, rather than Tom Bombadil. SoJohn D. Rateliff argues that as far as Jackson was concerned, there can have been no Old Man Willow in the mapped Old Forest, and no Bombadil, as the action takes place elsewhere.[13][a]
Old Man Willow, however, does appear in the Old Forest in the 1991 Soviet television playKhraniteli, where he traps two of the hobbits.[12]
