Old Lutherans were GermanLutherans in theKingdom of Prussia, especially in theProvince of Silesia, who refused to join thePrussian Union of churches in the 1830s and 1840s. Prussia's king,Frederick William III, was determined to unify the Protestant churches and homogenize their liturgy, organization, and architecture. In a series of proclamations over several years theChurch of the Prussian Union was formed, bringing together a group that was majority Lutheran and minority Reformed. As a result, the government of Prussia had full control over church affairs, with the king recognized as the leading bishop.[1][2]
Attempted suppression of the Old Lutherans led many to emigrate toAustralia,Canada, and theUnited States, resulting in the creation of significant Lutherandenominations in those countries.
The legacy of Old Lutherans also survives in theIndependent Evangelical Lutheran Church in modern Germany.
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In 1799 KingFrederick William III of Prussia issued a decree for a new commonliturgical Agenda (service book) to be published, for use in both the Lutheran andReformed congregations. To accomplish this, a commission to prepare a common agenda was formed.
After more than 20 years of effort, a common liturgical agenda was finally published in 1821. The agenda was not well received by many Lutherans, as it was seen to compromise in the wording of theWords of Institution, to the point where theReal Presence ofChrist in theEucharist was not proclaimed.
TheProtestant congregations were directed in 1822 to use only the newly formulated agenda for worship. This met with strong objections and non-compliance from Lutheran pastors around Prussia.[3]
The liturgical agenda was subsequently modified to appease many of the objections of the dissenting Lutherans, and in 1830 Frederick William ordered all Protestant congregations in Prussia to celebrate theLord's Supper using the new agenda.
Rather than having the unifying effect that Frederick William desired, the decree created a great deal of dissent among Lutheran congregations.[4]
In a compromise with dissenters, who had now earned the name "Old Lutherans", in 1834 Frederick William issued a decree which stated that Union would only be in the areas of governance and liturgy, but the respective congregations could retain their confessional identities. In addition to this, dissenters were forbidden from organizingsectarian groups.[3]
In defiance of this decree, a number of Lutheran pastors and congregations continued to use the old liturgical agenda andsacramental rites of the Lutheran church.
Becoming aware of this defiance, officials sought out those who acted against the decree. Pastors who were caught were suspended from their ministry. If suspended pastors were caught acting in a pastoral role, they were imprisoned.[3]
Among the leaders of the Old Lutherans wasJohann Gottfried Scheibel (1783–1843). Scheibel was a professor oftheology inBreslau from 1818 until 1830 when he was suspended from his post for his dissenting views.
Scheibel came to prominence as a leader of the Old Lutherans in the dissent against the Prussian Union. He spoke, preached and wrote against the Union, which consequently resulted in suspension from his post as theological professor.
Undaunted, Scheibel continued in his dissent as he moved to new cities. He was atDresden in 1832 where he was ordered to leave that same year. He moved toHermsdorf, where likewise he was asked to leave in 1836, then on toGlauchau andNuremberg.[5]
He died at Nuremberg about the time that he was being restored to his post as professor at Breslau.[5]
After Scheibel,Eduard Huschke became the leader of Old Lutherans. Other famous Old Lutherans includedHenrik Steffens,H. E. F. Guericke,Kahnis andRudolf Rocholl.
Union also caused aconfessional Lutheran counter-reaction calledNeo-Lutheranism.
Upon Frederick William's death in 1840, persecution of the Old Lutherans eased substantially. However, Old Lutherans continued to find themselves marginalized, especially the clergy who did not have many of the same rights and support accorded to clergy of the Union church.
Old Lutherans formed severalsynods (e.g. in 1841 theEvangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia, seated in Breslau, officially recognised on 23 July 1845), which through various mergers eventually resulted in the present-dayIndependent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (SELK).[6]
By 1835 many dissenting Old Lutheran groups were looking to emigration as a means to finding religious freedom. Some groups emigrated to Australia and the United States in the years leading up to 1841.
The first Lutherans to come to Australia in any significant number wereimmigrants from Prussia, who arrived in South Australia in 1838 withPastorAugust Kavel. These immigrants created three settlements atKlemzig,Hahndorf, andGlen Osmond. In 1841, a second wave of Prussian immigrants arrived, led by PastorGotthard Fritzsche. His group settled inLobethal andBethanien.[7]
The Lutherans in South Australia established theKillalpaninna Mission (Bethesda) Station atCooper's Creek.Johann Flierl, the pioneer missionary ofGerman New Guinea, served there for seven years (1878–1885).[8] When he left for Kaiser-Wilhelmsland in 1885, his cousin, also named Johann Flierl, replaced him at the mission.[9]
There have been five waves of migration into the Lutheran Church in New Zealand:[citation needed]
In January 1843, just three years after the signing of theTreaty of Waitangi, the first Lutheran missionaries arrived inOtago. They found that theWesleyan and Anglican Mission Societies were already well established in New Zealand. They therefore took up the suggestion that they move to the Chatham Islands where they arrived on 20 February of that year. As someone said, they had "...faith in their souls and next to nothing in their pockets."[This quote needs a citation]
In June of the same year, 1843, a shipload of German migrants arrived in Nelson. They settled in what is now Upper Moutere and built a church. There is still a thriving Lutheran congregation worshipping on this site.
In the 1860s a number of German people arrived in theRangitikei. They convinced others from German speaking communities in South Australia to join them. Most initially settled along Pukepapa Road in Marton, which is still the location of the St Martin's Lutheran Church.
In the 1870s other Lutheran migrants arrived in New Zealand including large numbers from Scandinavia who settled in the Wairarapa, Manawatu and Hawkes Bay regions. Norsewood and Dannevirke owe their origins to these settlers.
Numerous waves of Old Lutherans immigrated to theUnited States as well during this time period. Among them was a group fromPrussia of about 1000 Old Lutherans. They were fromErfurt,Magdeburg and the surrounding area, led byJ. A. A. Grabau. They emigrated to the United States in summer 1839. Grabau and his friends founded the "Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia", afterward known as theBuffalo Synod.[10]
Thousands of other Old Lutherans settled in the Midwest and Upper Midwest of the United States during this period. In addition to Old Lutherans there were alsoNeo-Lutheran immigrants from the GermanKingdom of Saxony, where there was no evangelical union. Lutheran pastorMartin Stephan and nearly 1100 other Saxon Lutherans left for the United States in November 1838, eventually settling in and aroundSt. Louis, Missouri in theSaxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39. These were the predecessors to theLutheran Church–Missouri Synod.[7]
In consequence of a polemical sermon, the same year, he was ordered to leaveDresden, and went toHermsdorf, near by.
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