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Oghuz Yabgu State | |||||||||||||
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| 750–1055 | |||||||||||||
 Oghuz Yabgu State, 750–1055 | |||||||||||||
| Status | Khaganate | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Yangikent | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Turkic | ||||||||||||
| Ethnic groups | Oghuzes, Kumans, Kangars, Turgeshes | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Tengriism | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | 8th–11th centuries | ||||||||||||
• Established | 750 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1055 | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||||
| History of the Turkic peoplespre–14th century | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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TheOghuz Yabgu State orOghuz il (Old Turkic:Oghuz Land) was aTurkic state, founded byOghuz Turks in 750, located geographically in an area between the coasts of theCaspian andAral Seas. Oghuz tribes occupied a vast territory inKazakhstan along theIrgiz,Yaik,Emba, andUil rivers, the Aral Sea area, theSyr Darya valley, the foothills of theKaratau Mountains inTien-Shan, and theChui River valley (see map). The Oghuz political association developed in the 9th and 10th centuries in the basin of the middle and lower course of the Syr Darya and adjoining the modern western Kazakhstan steppes.
The etymology of the name "Oghuz" is unclear. It was discussed many times in historical and philological literature. The term probably means "tribes", or the "tribal union", and then could turn into a collective ethnic name.
By the 10th century, Islamic sources were calling themMuslimTurkmens, as opposed to those ofTengrist orBuddhist religion; and by the 12th century this term was adopted into Byzantine usage, as the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim.[1] The name "Oghuz" fell out of use by 13th century.[2]
The original Oghuz areas were the southeastern regions ofCentral Asia. The beginning of the early Oghuz group formation is linked to the WesternZhetysu (often known, in Russian and other European languages, as Semirechye).
The first reference to the Oghuz State is by the Arab geographerYaqubi, who mentioned the Oghuz's wars against theToquz Oghuz,Kimeks, andKarluks; another geographer, Ibn al-Faqih, reported that the Oghuzes along with the Kimeks and Toguz Oghuzes were the "kings" (malik), and were revered among the Turks.[3] In Zhetysu the old Oghuz capital was Guziya.
The Chinese sources, dated to the 7th and 8th centuries, located the 姑蘇Gūsū (aWestern Turkic tribe not belonging to the "Ten Arrows" Union[4][5][6]) consistently in the vicinity of Issyk Kul – Talas;Yury Zuev (1960) links these Gusu to the Oghuz Turks.[7] The center of the Oghuz confederation shifted from the Issyk Kul area to the lower course of the Syr Darya under pressure of the refugees of the Sary Turgesh tribe.[8] Zuev also notes two parallel passages: one from Venus' Secret Classic (Taibo Yinjing 太白陰經) which mentioned the 三屈 "ThreeQu" (< MC *k(h)ɨut̚)[a],[9] and the other fromal-Masʻudi'sMeadows of Gold and Mines of Gems, which mentioned the three hordes of theTurkicĠuz.[10]
Despite the similarity in name,Golden contends that the Toquz Oghuz (Chinese: 九姓 Jĭu Xìng "Nine Surnames"), from whom emerged theUyghurs, were not the same people as the Oghuz who founded the Oghuz Yabgu state inTransoxiana.[11] becauseIstakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct[12] and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"[13] Even so, Golden notes the confusion inLatter Göktürks andUyghurs, where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without a prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected inal-Marwazi, who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most, the Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes.[14]
In 766, afterKarluks overran theTürgesh Khaganate inZhetysu (southeastern modern Kazakhstan), Karluk tribes formed a Khanate centered there under the rule of aYabgu, and they occupied and transferred their capital toSuyab. By that time the bulk of the Uch-Karluk (Three Karluks) confederation had left theAltai, and the supremacy in Zhetysu passed to the Karluk tribes. After the Oghuz confederation lost a struggle with the Karluks for leadership in the Turgesh Kaganate, a significant part of Zhetysu Oghuzes migrated to theKaratau Mountains foothills and the valley of theChu River in theIssyk Kul basin.
At the beginning of the 9th century the Oghuz confederation, in alliance withKarluks andKimaks destroyed theKangar Union and captured the lower course of the Syr Darya river and the Aral steppes, displacing the Kangars andPechenegs. The nomadic tribes of the Syr Darya Kangars were forced to join the Oghuzes, and a part of them migrated to the west to the northern Black Sea region. The Oghuzes moved their capital toYangikent and became known as Oghuz Yabgu State.
The state was founded inEni-Kent which was an Oghuzyayla (summer village). Oghuz il extended from "Issyk Kul andAlmalyk, in the south, toSairam, in the west, to the city ofYangikent, which stands at the mouth of the river Syr (Syr-darya), and to theKara-Kum (desert)".[15] The capital of the Oghuz il was variously speltEni-Kent,Yangikent,Djanikand,Yenikent,Yanikand, all meaningNew City, and also in Arabic literature al-Kariya al-Hadisa and in Persian literature Deh-i Hay; presently it is a Central Asian ghost townJankent.
The state was ruled by the leader of the Oghuz Turks with the titleYabgu, which is similar to other Turkic ruling titles such as Khan and Kagan/Hakan, but initially with a status below Khagan. The army was commanded bySubaşı, "sü" meaning "army" (possibly from LateOld Chinese 戍śwò "frontier guard")[16] and "başı" "head > ruler".
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The Oghuz State played an important role in the military and political history of Eurasia.
In 965 the Oghuz State allied withKievan Rus in a war against the Khazar Kaganate. In 985 the alliance with Kievan Rus defeatedVolga Bulgaria, which increased the political power of the Oghuz State.
At the turn of the 10th–11th centuries, popular uprisings broke out against excessive taxation in the state. The revolts became especially strong in the second half of the 10th century, during the rule ofAli Yabgu. The split between the ruling Oghuzes andSeljuk branch of Oghuzes turned out to be detrimental to the state. The upheaval was used by the Seljuk branch, who led an uprising and tookJend, but soon they were forced to leave the Jend area.
During the reign of the last Oghuz YabguShahmalik the state rebounded. In 1041 Shahmalik Yabgu conqueredKhorezm from theGhaznavids, but two years later he was captured by the Seljuk forces and executed. Shahmalik Yabgu was the last ruler of the Oghuz State.
Internal turmoil and conflict with the Seljuks weakened the Oghuz State. The weakened state fell under attacks by theKipchak tribes from theKimak Kaganate. Under the pressure of the Kipchaks, the two branches of the Oghuz people split, a significant part of the Oghuzes went toEastern Europe, and the Seljuk Oghuzes left towardAsia Minor. Another part of the Oghuzes fell under the rule of theKarahanids and Seljuk rulers ofKhorasan. The remnants of those Oghuz defeated by the Kipchaks subsequently dissolved among the Turkic-speaking tribes ofDasht-e-Kipchak. The Oghuz tribes contributed to the formation of many of today'sTurkic peoples.
In the 11th century, Oghuz migration toPersia and theNear East began. The movement was led by the head of theKınık tribeTughril andChaghri Beg, the grandchildren of Seljuk. This migrating group became, in time, the Seljuk Empire. In 1025 a part of the Seljuks settled in the territory of the modernTurkmenistan, centered on the city ofNysa. In 1034–1035, they were joined by Togrul bek's subjects. In 1038–1040, the Seljuks fought againstGhaznavids and capturedNishapur. Subsequently, they were able to create a huge state, which consisted ofAsia Minor, Persia, and parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia.
The Oghuz il state existed for three centuries. Another Turkic group,Kipchaks andKimeks of theKimek Kaganate, ended the state by the 12th century. By that time,Selçuk Bey and hisKınık (tribe) headed to Persia to found their own Muslim state, which in the future would become theGreat Seljuq Empire, and a part of the state population moved eastward to the N.Pontic areas.
The above is mostly an account of the Oghuz as a whole. 'State' is misleading for a group of loosely organised tribes. Bregel has the following for one group.[17] When the Oghuz drove the Pechenegs out of the Syr Darya delta a leader from the Barani clan took the title of yabghu. How far his power extended is not clear. His capital or winter camp was atYangikent (=new-town) where the Syr Darya made its last split. Around 985 one of his commanders namedSeljuk split off and moved toJend south of the upper delta and converted to Islam. His followers became theSeljuks. The yabghu converted a little later. In 1034-35 yabghu Shah Malik Barani defeated the Seljuks and Turkomans of Khwarezm which caused many Turkomans to move south to Khorasan and the Kopet Dagh. In 1041 Shah Malik conquered Khwarezm after a three-day battle. The Seljuks drove him out in 1043. He fled and was later killed, his 'state' perhaps disappearing.
The economic base of society was private ownership of livestock. Little is known about the old farming communities in the oases, river valleys, and wetlands. The cities continued to be populated by traders and artisans.
The title of the elected ruler wasYabgu. The power was hereditary within a ruling clan. The heir to the throne was calledInal, they were brought up by anAtabek tutor. Elections of Yabgu were conducted at the tribal assemblies. The rulers were chosen by the codex of unwritten rules of customary law – "tore", from the most powerful clans. The power of the supreme ruler was limited by the council of the largest military-tribal aristocracy. The wives of the rulers bore the title "Khatun" and played a significant role in the court life. Yabgu was assisted by regional rulers titledKul-Eerkins. An important place was occupied by warlords. A head of the army was calledSubashi, from su –army andbash – head. TheSubashi was supported by a military council, and actively interfered in political events.
The Oghuz States were subdivided intouruks andaimaks. The termuruk designated tribal divisions, andaimak was an administrative district. The clans and tribes united into larger tribal alliances were known asil (country). By the end of the 10th century formed a formal administrative apparatus and a system of regular taxes.
The main religion was the traditionalTengrism.
The powerbase of the Oghuz State were semi-nomadic and nomadic tribes of Zhetysu and Siberia:Yughra,Charuk,Khalaj,Kimek,Karluk,Imur,Bayandur,Kai,[18] and the remaining tribes and sedentary population of the Kangar Union that submitted to the Oghuz Yabgu.
According to the 11th-century treatiseDīwān Lughāt al-Turk byKarakhanid scholarMahmud Kashgari (b. 1005 - d. 1102), Oghuz confederation had originally consisted of 24 tribes, though twoKhalaj tribe left the union early, leaving 22, whom Kashgari named.[19]Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi (fl. 1056/57–1124/25 CE), a near-contemporary of Kashgari, mentioned only 12 Oghuz tribes. Later sources likeRashid-al-Din,Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, andSelçukname omitted Charuklug from Kashgari's list, added Kizik, Karkin, and Yaparli, and divided the 24 tribes neatly into two 12-tribe group"Buzuks orBazouk (Turkic andTurkmen:Bozoklar - Grey Arrows), andUchuks (Turkic andTurkmen:Üçoklar - Three Arrows). The Buzuk wing had a privileged status. The discrepancy between the sources probably resulted from the Oghuz division into two exogamous parts, Buzuks and Uchuks belonging respectively to the right and the left wing of their army. Oghuz States also had the "Uruk" and "Aimags". The term "Uruk" designated tribal divisions. Clans and tribes united into larger tribal alliances, were known as "il" (the country).[citation needed]
(approximately from 600 to 1042)
Capital:Yangikent.
Conquest ofKhwarazm in 1042.
| Preceded by Jeti-suOghuz confederation | Oghuz Il state 8 c. – 12 c. | Succeeded by |
