Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Odilo Globocnik

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Slovenian Nazi, SS officer, and Holocaust perpetrator
"Globocnik" redirects here. For other uses, seeGlobočnik (disambiguation).

Odilo Globočnik
Chief ofOperation Reinhard
In office
October 1941 – October 1943[a]
Personal details
Born(1904-04-21)21 April 1904
Trieste,Austria-Hungary (nowItaly)
Died31 May 1945(1945-05-31) (aged 41)
Paternion,Allied-occupied Austria
Cause of deathSuicide bycyanide poisoning
Political partyNazi Party
Military service
AllegianceRepublic of German-Austria
Nazi Germany
Branch/serviceSchutzstaffel
RankSS-Gruppenführer
Battles/warsCarinthian War
World War II

Odilo Lothar Ludwig Globočnik[b] (21 April 1904 – 31 May 1945) was aNazi Party official fromAustria and a perpetrator ofthe Holocaust. A high-ranking member of theSS, Globočnik was the leader ofOperation Reinhard, the organized murder of around one and a half million Jews, mostly of Polish origin, during the Holocaust in theMajdanek,Treblinka,Sobibór andBełżecextermination camps.[2][3][4] Historian Michael Allen described him as "the vilest individual in the vilest organization ever known".[2] Globocnik killed himself shortly after his capture and detention by British soldiers.

Early life

[edit]

Odilo Lothar Ludwig Globočnik was born on 21 April 1904 in the Imperial Free City ofTrieste, then the capital of theAustrian Littoral administrative region of theAustro-Hungarian Empire (now inItaly). He was the second child of Franz Globočnik, aSlovenian cavalrylieutenant in theAustro-Hungarian Army.[5] Because Globočnik was a leading Nazi official, and perpetrator of not only the Holocaust but theethnic cleansing of millions of Poles and other Slavs, historians have been interested in accounts of Globočnik's Slavic ancestry – his surname is Slovenian – with his father being Slovenian while his mother was half-Serbian and half-Croatian.

His father was unable to save enough money required to get an officer's marriage permission and had to leave the service. As was the practice at this time, he was given a job in the Imperial and Royal Mail. Odilo's mother Anna, née Petschinka, was born in Versecz,Kingdom of Hungary (nowVršac,Serbia); she was half-Serbian and half-Croatian. In 1914, the family left Trieste forCseklész, where Franz Globočnik was recalled to active duty after the outbreak of theFirst World War.[6]

The same year, Globočnik joined the army, via amilitary school. The war ended his military education prematurely. He moved with his family toKlagenfurt inCarinthia. There as a teenager, he joined the pro-Austrian volunteer militia fighting Slovene volunteers and, later, the Yugoslav Army during theCarinthian War (1918–19).[7] In 1920, he worked as an underground propagandist for the Austrian cause during theCarinthian Plebiscite.[8]

He later enrolled at the Höhere Staatsgewerbeschule (a higher vocational school for mechanical engineering), where he passed hisMatura (the Austrian equivalent of the GermanAbitur) and graduated with honours.[9] He worked as a porter at the railway station, among other jobs, to help financially support his family.

Globočnik first became politically active in 1922, when he became a prominent member of pre-NaziCarinthianparamilitary organisations and was seen wearing aswastika. At the time, he was a building tradesman, introduced to his job while engaged to Grete Michner. Her father, Emil Michner, had talked to the director of KÄWAG (Kärntner Wasserkraftwerke AG), an electricity distribution company of Carinthia, and secured Globočnik a job as a technician and construction supervisor.[10]

Slavic ancestry

[edit]

After he entered politics, Globočnik faced ridicule from the German and international media for his Slavic surname and ancestry,[11] in light of the Nazis' (including Globočnik's) extreme racism against Slavs. Globočnik would assiduously maintain that he was of "Germanic ancestry". Slavs were considered sub-human (Untermenschen) in the Nazi racial taxonomy and eventually subjected toslave labour andgenocide by Nazi Germany. He said that his paternal grandfather was an "Aryan" who was "culturally Slavicized", but maintained his "Germanic blood". Historians have often dismissed this as a ruse. This interpretation depended on a distinction between the "Windisch" and "Slowenen", introduced byMartin Wutte in a 1927 book.[12] "Windisch" were considered of German blood and therefore also "worthy" of "Re-Germanization", and the Slovenes, who were Slavic and therefore, in NS parlance, to be exterminated.[13]

In his 2004 biography of Globočnik, historianGregor Joseph Kranjc devoted the entire first chapter to the debate concerning Globočnik's ancestry. He says that Globočnik was ridiculed by other Nazis for his surname.[14] However, with Globočnik having a powerful and high-ranking ally such asHeinrich Himmler, he was protected from other Nazis, and Himmler defended him by claiming that he was ofAryan origin and that his surname was a result of "Slavicization,"[14] which was consistent with Himmler'sLebensborn programme that kidnapped tens of thousands of Slavic children for forced Germanization under the justification that such children are the result of ancient Aryans. The DNA studies conducted by the Blavatnik Institute atHarvard Medical School as part of theJohn Templeton Foundation Human Atlas project has ironically demonstrated in 2019 that the Slavic population were, in reality, descended from the Yamnaya population, once called Aryans, more directly than the Germanic peoples, as carriers of the Y-haplogroup R1a chromosomal variation, as is found among the Brahmin in India and the upper classes of Persia.[15][16][17][18]

In 2004, historian Joseph Poprzeczny argued in his biography of Globočnik that the story might have been credible, citing Austro-Hungarian census data from 1910 indicating that the Globočniks were ethnic Germans.[19] However, this claim is dubious as Austro-Hungarian censuses did not record ethnicity from its inhabitants but rather native languages to exaggerate how much German was spoken and subsequently downplay non-German languages and ethnicities within the Empire, which meant that the Globočniks may have just been German-speaking Slavs, especially considering they were living underHabsburg rule and their proximity to Austria. At the time of his birth, theSlovene Lands were ruled directly fromVienna and divided into parts of the duchies ofCarniola andStyria and theAustrian Littoral.

Nazi Party and SS career

[edit]
Gauleiter of Vienna, 1938

In August 1933, Globočnik was arrested for the first time, for his attempt to contact imprisoned Nazis in Klagenfurt. In the same year, he became a member of theAustrian SS. He was arrested due to his public support for theNazi Party (NSDAP), as he had become a member of the party in 1931 while he was in Carinthia. Although he was arrested four times between 1933 and 1935, he served just over a year in jail on various political charges.[20]Heinrich Himmler intervened on his behalf, after two years of arguments between Globočnik and the authorities.

His first documented activity for the NSDAP occurred in 1931 when he was documented as distributing propaganda for the party. By then, he had nearly abandoned his work as a building tradesman, and attached himself very closely to the NSDAP. He was assigned to develop a courier and intelligence service for the NSDAP, which channelled funds from theGerman Reich into Austria. In June 1933, in Vienna, Jewish jewellerNorbert Futterweit [de] was killed when a bomb was thrown at his shop. This was among the earliest murders in Austria attributable to the Nazis, and a number of historians believe that Globočnik was involved in the attack.[21]

Globočnik joined theSchutzstaffel (SS) on 1 September 1934. His devotion to the Nazi cause paid off, as he was quickly promoted in the party apparatus in Austria. He became a DeputyGauleiter briefly inVienna and then in Carinthia between January and May 1933. He was appointed as the head of the party intelligence apparatus in Carinthia, serving from 1934 to 1936. From September 1936 to May 1938, he served as the Chief of Staff of the National Leadership of the Austrian Nazi Party underHubert Klausner.[22]

Globočnik was a key player in theusurpation of the Austrian government by the Nazis.[23] With theAnschluss, Nazi Germany annexed Austria on 12 March 1938.[24] He was rewarded with an appointment as aState Secretary in the Nazi government, established by ChancellorArthur Seyss-Inquart on 15 March. At theparliamentary election of 10 April, he was elected as a Nazi deputy to theReichstag from the newly renamedOstmark.[25] Next came his appointment asGauleiter ofVienna on 22 May 1938 byAdolf Hitler.[26]

In his early tenure asGauleiter, Globočnik espoused Nazi anti-Jewish philosophy: "I will not recoil from radical interventions for the solution of Jewish questions." Later that same year he opened Vienna's first anti-Semitic political exhibition, which was attended by 10,000 visitors on the first day. Prominent at the exhibition and received enthusiastically by the public was the film,"The Eternal Jew".[27]

Early gestures of accommodation to the new government byCardinal Innitzer did not assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them being Globočnik.[28] He launched a crusade against the Church, and the Nazis confiscated property, closed Catholic organisations and sent many priests toDachau.[28] Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly, and in October 1938 the first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime took place. A rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting "Christ is our Führer", before being dispersed by police.[29] A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church.[30]

Globočnik was relieved of his posts and stripped of his party honours on 30 January 1939, when it was discovered that he was involved in illegal foreign currency speculation. As punishment, Himmler transferred Globočnik to theWaffen-SS, in the rank of junior sergeant (Unterscharführer), where he served with SS Standarte "Germania" during thePolish campaign.[31] Himmler liked Globočnik and recognised his value. In late 1939, Globočnik was pardoned, promoted to SS-Brigadeführer, and assigned toLublin province.[32]

Crimes in occupied Poland

[edit]

On 9 November 1939, Himmler appointed Globočnik asSS and Police Leader in theLublin district of theGeneral Government territory. After the initially disappointing party career, Globočnik now had a second chance in the ranks of the SS and the police.[33] On 16 February 1940, Globočnik declared: "The evacuated Jews should feed themselves and be supported by their countrymen, as these Jews have enough [food]. If this does not succeed, one should let them starve."[34][35]

In the following years, Globočnik was responsible for:

  1. 'Liquidating' theWarsaw Ghetto, which contained about 500,000Jews, the largestJewish community inEurope and the second-largest in the world afterNew York City.
  2. Liquidating the Białystok Ghetto, which had strongly resisted German occupation.
  3. Resettling a large number ofPoles under the premise of 'ethnic cleansing'.
  4. Implementation and supervision of theLublin reservation, to which 95,000 Jews were deported, with its adjacent network offorced labour camps in the Lublin district. He was also in charge of over 45,000 Jewish labourers.

Globočnik is reported to have taken great joy in killings and organizing killings of Jews, stating that, in Höss' rendition, Globočnik "wanted to be in the forefront with his exterminations"[36] even when transportation capacities did not allow for it and then he "carried out executions at his own discretion"[37]

Extermination camps

[edit]
Action T4 bus for the transport toHartheim Euthanasia Centre

There are indications that Globočnik, along with a chief accompliceChristian Wirth, may have originated the concept of theextermination camp and industrialised murder, and suggested the concept to Himmler. At a two-hour meeting with Himmler on 13 October 1941, Globočnik received verbal approval to begin construction of theBelzec extermination camp, the first such camp in theGeneral Government.[38][39][40] Shortly beforehand, in September 1941, Globočnik had been visited byPhilipp Bouhler andViktor Brack, the top officials in the Fuhrer Chancellery responsible for theAktion T4 "euthanasia" program, which had been using gas chambers disguised as shower rooms to execute many of its victims.[41][42] On or about 1 October 1941, Globočnik wrote a memorandum to Himmler containing proposals for actions against the Jews "of a security policy nature," and the 13 October meeting was held to discuss this memorandum and related subjects.[43][44]

A colleague's contemporaneous letter reflects Globočnik's state of mind at the time of the 13 October meeting: Globočnik said it was necessary to undertake a "cleansing of the entire [General Government] of Jews and Poles" and was "full of good and far-reaching plans" to achieve this objective.[40][45] There are indications that Globočnik may have begun a crude experimental gassing facility in the woods near Belzec shortly before his mid-October meeting with Himmler.[46] At the 13 October 1941 meeting with Himmler, Globočnik proposed exterminating the Jews in assembly-line fashion in a concentration camp, using gas chambers.[44][47] On 14 October 1941 – the day after he had met with Globočnik – Himmler held a five-hour meeting withReinhard Heydrich to discuss "executions", following which other extermination camp gassing sites were built.[48] Days later, Himmler forbade all further Jewish emigration from Reich territory "in view of the forthcoming 'Final Solution' to the Jewish question."[49]

The gassing facilities that Globočnik established at Belzec soon after his 13 October meeting with Himmler were designed by T4 programme personnel assigned to him. They used carbon monoxide, as the T4 programme had done.[50][51] Before it became an extermination camp, Belzec had been part of Himmler's and Globočnik'sBurggraben project. The construction of three more death camps,Sobibor andMajdanek in the Lublin district andTreblinka atMałkinia Górna, followed in 1942. Globočnik was complicit in the extermination of more than 1.5 million Jews of Polish,Czech,Dutch,French,Russian,Slovak, German,Portuguese,Turkish,Spanish andAustrian origin, as well as a smaller number of non-Jews, in the death camps under his control.

He exploited Jews and non-Jews as slave labourers in his ownforced labour camps. He was responsible for seizing the properties and valuables ofmurderedinmates while in charge ofOperation Reinhard. Although other arms of the Nazi state were also involved in the overall management of the greater concentration camp system, Globočnik had control over theAktion Reinhard camps, and any orders that he received came directly from Himmler.[52] From 1942 to 1943, he also oversaw the beginning of theGeneralplan Ost, the plan toexpel Poles from their lands and resettle those territories with German settlers (seeZamość Uprising). On 9 November 1942, Globočnik was promoted toSS-Gruppenführer andGeneralleutnant der Polizei.[9]

On November 4, 1943, Globočnik reported to Himmler fromTrieste that he had concluded Operation Reinhard, as of October 19, 1943, and that all camps had been dissolved. He also sent a final report.[53] In his reply, Himmler thanked Globočnik and expressed his gratitude and appreciation for the great and unique services he had rendered to the entire German people in carrying out "Operation Reinhard."

Activities in Italy

[edit]

After theArmistice of Cassibile, Globočnik was appointed asHigher SS and Police Leader of theOperational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral of Italy on 13 September 1943.[54]

After the completion ofOperation Reinhard in Poland, he was sent toTrieste, his hometown.[55]

With him he brought to Trieste a large number of experienced killers who had distinguished records from various extermination operations in Germany, theSoviet Union and the death camps in occupied Poland atBelzec,Sobibor andTreblinka. They included the 92 specialists ofEinsatzkommando Reinhard, many of whom were Ukrainian SS troops, male and female...Einsatzkommando Reinhard was divided into three geographical areas, the headquarters for each of which was officially denoted with a variation of the letter R – R1 for Trieste, R2 for Udine and R3 for Fiume.[55]

Having looted assets stolen from Holocaust victims atdeath camps inoccupied Poland, Globočnik went to Italy with a number of his men who had taken part inAktion Tiergarten 4 includingFranz Stangl fromTreblinka andFranz Reichleitner fromSobibor. A few days after 8 September 1943 (when the Armistice between Italy and the Allies signed on 3 September had come into force),Christian Wirth arrived in Trieste. Together, they converted an old rice mill on the outskirts of the city into a detention centre complete with acrematorium, known asRisiera di San Sabba (inSlovene:Rižarna). At San Sabba, thousands ofItalian Jews, partisans and other political dissidents were interrogated, tortured and murdered under the direction of these men after the 1943 downfall ofBenito Mussolini and the German takeover of the country.[54]

InSlovene Littoral,Slovene Partisans were fought both by Germans and by theLittoral Home Guard, which was also under Globočnik's direct command. It provided Germans with lists of locations ofLiberation Front of the Slovene Nation hideouts and suspicious individuals (described aspropagandists).[56]

With the advance of Allied troops, Globočnik retreated into Austrian Carinthia and finally went into hiding high in the mountains nearWeissensee, still in the company of his closest staff members.

Death

[edit]

Globočnik was tracked down and captured by a British armoured cavalry unit on 31 May 1945 inCarinthia, Austria. A unit from the4th Queen's Own Hussars, found him on the Möslacher Alm, a 1,250 m (4,100 ft) mountain in theEastern Alps, with seven other wanted Nazis:Georg Michalsen,Friedrich Rainer,Ernst Lerch,Hermann Höfle, Karl Hellesberger, Hugo Herzog and Friedrich Plöb.[57] Globočnik was taken toPaternion inVillach-Land District to be interrogated. However, before he was questioned, Globočnik committed suicide by biting on acyanide capsule.

His body was taken to be buried in a local churchyard, but the priest reportedly refused to have "the body of such a man" resting in consecrated ground. A grave was dug outside the churchyard, next to an outer wall, and the body was buried without ceremony.[58]

Contemporary photographs of Globočnik's corpse and reliable reports, such as theRegimental Diary and Field Reports of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, detailed the circumstances of his capture and suicide. Some[who?] speculated that his death came at the hands of either partisans or a Jewish revenge squad, or that he was turned over alive to US intelligence by the British.[citation needed] The latter claim is based on an "official US document signed by US CIC S/A Operations Officer Andrew L. Venters, dated 27 October 1948,more than three years after his supposed death". However, this document was exposed as a forgery in the 1980s by the investigative writer and historian,Gitta Sereny; she gives all details in a long article inThe Observer newspaper.[59]

Portrayal in media

[edit]

Globočnik is a key antagonist in theRobert Harris alternative-history novelFatherland; in the book set in 1964, a character based on Globočnik is still alive and a top SS official. In the1994 television film adaptation, Globočnik was played byJohn Shrapnel.

In theHarry Turtledove alternate-history novelIn the Presence of Mine Enemies, set in 2010, a formerReichskommissar forOstland Affairs called Odilo Globočnik (likely an analogue rather than the historical figure) is briefly installed as Führer in an SS-backedcoup d'état against the reformist Heinz Buckliger; after the coup fails due to popular opposition, Globočnik is lynched.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Although Operation Reinhard only began in March 1942, Globocnik received the order to murder all Jews in theGeneral Government as early as October 1941. Operation Reinhard was declared over in October 1943.
  2. ^His surname is often spelledGlobocnik, without thecaron, especially inGerman sources. Alternativelly, it may beGermanised toGlobotschnigg (orGlobotschnig).[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2011)."Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (Yearbook for the History of Eastern Europe)". Retrieved13 November 2014.
  2. ^abKranjc, Gregor Joseph (22 February 2013).To Walk with the Devil: Slovene Collaboration and Axis Occupation, 1941-1945. University of Toronto Press. p. 124.ISBN 978-1442613300.
  3. ^Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy, Susan Zuccotti. Yale University Press, 2002.ISBN 0-300-09310-1,ISBN 978-0-300-09310-0. p. 287
  4. ^Mazower, Mark (2008)Hitler's Empire, pages 382, 384–387,ISBN 978-1-59420-188-2.
  5. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, p. 11.
  6. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 9–14.
  7. ^Siegfried J. Pucher: „… in der Bewegung führend tätig“. Odilo Globocnik. Kämpfer für den „Anschluß“. Vollstrecker des Holocaust. Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 18
  8. ^Siegfried J. Pucher: „… in der Bewegung führend tätig“. Odilo Globocnik. Kämpfer für den „Anschluß“. Vollstrecker des Holocaust. Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 19
  9. ^abMichael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945, Volume 1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann), R. James Bender Publishing, 2012, p. 245,ISBN 978-1-932-97021-0.
  10. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 24–25.
  11. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, p. 12.
  12. ^Fritzl, Martin (1992)“. . . für Volk und Reich und deutsche Kultur“: Die “Kärntner Wissenschaft“ im Dienste des Nationalsozialismus. Klagenfurt: Drava.
  13. ^Dollinger, Stefan. 2024. Eberhard Kranzmayer's dovetailing with Nazism: his fascist years and the 'One Standard German Axiom (OSGA)'. Discourse & Society, 7. Aug. 2024, section on "The Slowenen-Reichsinstitut called ‘Institut für Kärntner Landesforschung’",https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09579265241259094
  14. ^abJoseph Poprzeczny (2015).Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East. McFarland.ISBN 978-0-7864-8146-0. p. 47.
  15. ^Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (6 September 2019)."The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia".Science.365 (6457): eaat7487.doi:10.1126/science.aat7487.ISSN 1095-9203.PMC 6822619.PMID 31488661.
  16. ^Mallick, Swapan; Micco, Adam; Mah, Matthew; Ringbauer, Harald; Lazaridis, Iosif; Olalde, Iñigo; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (10 February 2024)."The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes".Scientific Data.11 (1): 182.Bibcode:2024NatSD..11..182M.doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03031-7.ISSN 2052-4463.PMC 10858950.PMID 38341426.
  17. ^Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo; Mikić, Ilija; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Mah, Matthew; Korać, Miomir; Golubović, Snežana; Petković, Sofija; Miladinović-Radmilović, Nataša; Vulović, Dragana; Alihodžić, Timka; Ash, Abigail; Baeta, Miriam (7 December 2023)."A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations".Cell.186 (25): 5472–5485.e9.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018.ISSN 1097-4172.PMC 10752003.PMID 38065079.
  18. ^Armit, Ian; Fischer, Claire-Elise; Koon, Hannah; Nicholls, Rebecca; Olalde, Iñigo; Rohland, Nadin; Buckberry, Jo; Montgomery, Janet; Mason, Philip; Črešnar, Matija; Büster, Lindsey; Reich, David (April 2023)."Kinship practices in Early Iron Age South-east Europe: genetic and isotopic analysis of burials from the Dolge njive barrow cemetery, Dolenjska, Slovenia".Antiquity.97 (392):403–418.doi:10.15184/aqy.2023.2.hdl:10810/60802.ISSN 0003-598X.PMC 11586097.PMID 39582673.
  19. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, p. 16.
  20. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 28–29.
  21. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 32–34.
  22. ^Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945, Volume 1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann), R. James Bender Publishing, 2012, pp. 246–247,ISBN 978-1-932-97021-0.
  23. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 45–59
  24. ^William L. Shirer;The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; pp. 325–329
  25. ^Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945, Volume 1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann), R. James Bender Publishing, 2012, pp. 248–249,ISBN 978-1-932-97021-0.
  26. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 45–59.
  27. ^Robin O'Neill,The Belzec Death Camp and the Origin of Jewish Genocide at Galicia (Hebrew and Jewish Department, University College, London: 2002), Chapter IV, cited in Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, p. 64.
  28. ^abMark Mazower;Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;ISBN 978-0-7139-9681-4; pp. 51–52
  29. ^Mark Mazower;Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;ISBN 978-0-7139-9681-4; p.52
  30. ^Shirer, William L. (23 October 2011).The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. London: Secker & Warburg. p. 698.ISBN 9780795317002.
  31. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 76–80.
  32. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 80, 83.
  33. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, p. 90.
  34. ^Saul Friedländer.The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945, p. 35.
  35. ^Dieter Pohl (historian) [de].Von der "Judenpolitik" zum Judenmord: Der Distrikt Lublin des Generalgouvernements, 1939–1944. Frankfurt am Main, 1993, p. 52.
  36. ^"Holocaust Historical Society".
  37. ^Höss on Globocnik.https://www.holocausthistoricalsociety.org.uk/contents/aktionreinhardt/hossonglobocnik.html
  38. ^Saul Friedländer.The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945, p. 283.
  39. ^Heinrich Himmler.Der Dienstkalender, pp. 233-34 n. 35.
  40. ^abChristopher Browning.The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 359–360.
  41. ^Henry Friedlander.The Origins of Nazi Genocide, From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, pp. 86–98, 110.
  42. ^Yitzhak Arad.Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, p. 9.
  43. ^Peter Longerich.Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, p. 294
  44. ^abPeter Longerich.Heinrich Himmler, p. 547.
  45. ^Peter Longerich.Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, pp. 294–95.
  46. ^Christopher Browning.The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 364–365.
  47. ^Christopher Browning.The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 360.
  48. ^Christopher Browning.The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 365–366.
  49. ^Christopher Browning.The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 368–369.
  50. ^Peter Longerich,Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, p. 280
  51. ^Henry FriedlanderThe Origins of Nazi Genocide, From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, pp. 96, 99
  52. ^Saul Friedländer.The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945, p. 346.
  53. ^Document 4024-PS in:IMT:The Nuremberg Trial against the Major War Criminals..., photomechanical reprint Munich 1989, Vol. 34, ISBN 3-7735-2525-7, pp. 58–92.
  54. ^abKlee, Ernst:Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945?, p. 187. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2003ISBN 3-10-039309-0
  55. ^abSan Sabba (2009)."Risiera di San Sabba. History and Museum"(PDF).With Selected Bibliography. International Committee of the Nazi Lager of Risiera di San Sabba, Trieste: 3. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved2 May 2015.
  56. ^Kranjc, Gregor Joseph (22 February 2013).To Walk with the Devil: Slovene Collaboration and Axis Occupation, 1941-1945. University of Toronto Press.ISBN 978-1442613300.
  57. ^Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals, fold3.com; accessed 20 January 2016.
  58. ^Poprzeczny,Odilo Globocnik, pp. 366–82
  59. ^"Spin Time For Hitler",The Observer, London, 21 April 1996.

Further reading

[edit]
See also:Bibliography of The Holocaust

External links

[edit]
Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
Camps
Extermination
Concentration
Mass shootings
Pogroms
Ghettos
Other atrocities
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
Perpetrators
Organizers
Camp command
Gas chamber
executioners
Physicians
Ghetto command
Einsatzgruppen
Personnel
Camp guards
By camp
Organizations
Collaboration
Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
Organizations
Uprisings
Leaders
Victim lists
Ghettos
Camps
Documentation
Nazi sources
Witness accounts
Concealment
Technical and logistics
Aftermath, trials and commemoration
Aftermath
Trials
West German trials
Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
Memorials
Righteous Among the Nations
Massacres and roundups
Victims and survivors
Major perpetrators
Camps and prisons
Looting
Area
Rescuers
Anti-Semitic laws
Commemoration
Publications and films
Related articles
Camp organizers
Commandant
Deputies
Gas chamber
executioners
Other officers
Guards
Prominent victims
  • Resistance
  • Survivors
Nazi organizations
  • Aftermath
  • Memorials
  • a Alleged
  • b Numbering 90 to 120
Camp organizers
Commandant
Deputies
Gas chamber
executioners
Other officers
Guards
  • Resistance
  • Survivors
Nazi organizations
  • Aftermath
  • Memorials
Related topics
  • a 28 April to 30 August 1942
  • b 1 September 1942 to 17 October 1943
  • c Up to 200
International
National
People
Other
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odilo_Globocnik&oldid=1297386803"
Categories:
Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp