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Pika

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromOchotonidae)
Genus of mountain-dwelling mammal
For other uses, seePika (disambiguation).

Pika[2]
Temporal range:Miocene–Holocene,16.4–0 Ma[1]
American pika (Ochotona princeps)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Lagomorpha
Family:Ochotonidae
Thomas, 1897
Genus:Ochotona
Link, 1795
Type species
Ochotona daurica
Link, 1795
(Lepus dauuricusPallas, 1776)
Species

Seetext

Apika (/ˈpaɪkə/PY-kə,[3] or/ˈpiːkə/PEE-kə)[4] is a small, mountain-dwellingmammal native to Asia and North America. With short limbs, a very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative therabbit, but with short, rounded ears.[5] Thelarge-eared pika of theHimalayas and nearby mountains lives at elevations of more than 6,000 m (20,000 ft).

The namepika appears to be derived from theTunguspika,[6] and the scientific nameOchotona is derived from theMongolian wordogotno, оготно, which means pika.[7] It is used for any member of theOchotonidae (/ɒkətoʊnɪdeɪ/),[8] afamily within theorder oflagomorphs, the order which also includes theLeporidae (rabbits andhares). They are the smallest animal in the lagomorph group.[9] Only onegenus,Ochotona[8] (/ɒkəˈtoʊnə/ or/ɒtʃəˈtoʊnə/), is extant within the family, covering 37species, though many fossil genera are known. Another species, theSardinian pika, belonging to the separate genusProlagus, has become extinct within the last 2,000 years owing to human activity.

Pikas prefer rocky slopes and graze on a range of plants, primarily grasses, flowers, and young stems. In the autumn, they pull hay, soft twigs, and other stores of food under rocks to eat during the long, cold winter.[10] The pika is also known as the whistling hare because of its high-pitchedalarm call it gives when alarmed. The two species found in North America are theAmerican pika, found primarily in the mountains of the western United States and far southwestern Canada, and thecollared pika of northernBritish Columbia, theYukon, westernNorthwest Territories andAlaska.

Habitat

[edit]
Collared pika on Hatcher Pass,Alaska

Pikas are native to cold climates inAsia andNorth America. Most species live on rocky mountainsides, where numerous crevices are available for their shelter, although some pikas also construct crude burrows. A few burrowing species are native to opensteppe land. In the mountains ofEurasia, pikas often share their burrows withsnowfinches, which build their nests there.[11] Changing temperatures have forced some pika populations to restrict their ranges to even higher elevations.[12]

Characteristics

[edit]
Further information:Cecotrope

Pikas are small mammals, with short limbs and rounded ears. They are about 15 to 23 cm (5.9 to 9.1 in) in body length and weigh between 120 and 350 g (4.2 and 12.3 oz), depending on species.

These animals areherbivores and feed on a wide variety of plant matter, includingforbs,grasses,sedges, shrub twigs, moss and lichens. Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract and expelled as regular feces. But in order to get nutrients out of hard to digest fiber, pika ferment fiber in the cecum (in the GI tract) and then expel the contents ascecotropes, which are reingested (cecotrophy). The cecotropes are then absorbed in the small intestine to utilize the nutrients.

Collared pikas have been known to store dead birds in their burrows for food during winter and eat the feces of other animals.[13]

As with other lagomorphs, pikas have gnawingincisors and nocanines, although they have fewermolars than rabbits. They have adental formula of2.0.3.21.0.2.3 = 26.[14] Another similarity that pikas share with other lagomorphs is that the bottom of their paws are covered with fur and lack paw pads.[15]

Rock-dwelling pikas have small litters of fewer than five young, whilst the burrowing species tend to give birth to more young and to breed more frequently, possibly owing to a greater availability of resources in their native habitats. The young are born altricial (eyes and ears closed, no fur) after agestation period of between 25 and 30 days.[11]

Activity

[edit]
Vegetation pile drying on rocks for subsequent storage,Little Cottonwood Canyon,Utah
American pika with mouthful of dried grass,Sequoia National Park,California

Pikas are active during daylight (diurnal) or twilight hours (crepuscular), with higher-elevation species generally being more active during the daytime. They show their peak activity just before the winter season. Pikas do nothibernate and remain active throughout the winter by traveling in tunnels under rocks and snow and eating dried plants that they have stored.[16] Rock-dwelling pikas exhibit two methods of foraging: the first involves direct consumption of food, and the second is characterized by the gathering of plants to store in a "haypile" of cached plants.[17]

The impact of human activity on thetundra ecosystems where pikas live has been recorded dating back to the 1970s.[18] Rather than hibernate during winter, pikas forage for grasses and other forms of plant matter and stash these findings in protected dens in a process called "haying". They eat the dried plants during the winter.[19] When pikas mistake humans as predators, they may respond to humans as they do to other species that do prey on pikas. Such interactions with humans have been linked to pikas having reduced amounts of foraging time, consequentially limiting the amount of food they can stockpile for winter months.[20] Pikas prefer foraging in temperatures below 25 °C (77 °F), so they generally spend their time in shaded regions and out of direct sunlight when temperatures are high.[20] A link has also been found between temperature increases and lost foraging time, where for every increase of 1 °C (1.8 °F) to the ambient temperature in alpine landscapes home to pikas, those pikas lose 3% of their foraging time.[20]

Eurasian pikas commonly live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch. Some species are territorial. North American pikas (O. princeps andO. collaris) areasocial, leading solitary lives outside the breeding season.[13]

Vocalization

[edit]

Pikas have distinctcalls, which vary in duration. The call can be short and quick, a little longer and more drawn out or long songs. The short calls are an example of geographic variation. The pikas determine the appropriate time to make short calls by listening for cues for sound localization.[21] The calls are used for individual recognition, predator warning signals, territory defense, or as a way to attract potential mates.[22] There are also different calls depending on the season. In the spring the songs become more frequent during the breeding season. In late summer the vocalizations become short calls. Through various studies, the acoustic characteristics of the vocalizations can be a useful taxonomic tool.[23]

Lifespan

[edit]

The average lifespan of pikas in the wild is roughly seven years. A pika's age may be determined by the number of adhesion lines on theperiosteal bone on the lower jaw. The lifespan does not differ between the sexes.[24]

Species

[edit]
Main article:List of ochotonids

The 29 extant species currently recognized are:

Extinct species

[edit]

Many fossil forms ofOchotona are described in the literature, from theMiocene epoch to the earlyHolocene (extinct species) and present (16.4-0Ma[1]). They lived in Europe, Asia, and North America.Some species listed below are common for Eurasia and North America (O. gromovi,O. tologoica,O. zazhigini, and probablyO. whartoni).

Paleontologists have also described multiple forms of pika not referred to specific species (Ochotona indet.) or not certainly identified (O.cf.antiqua,O. cf.cansus,O. cf.daurica,O. cf.eximia,O. cf.gromovi,O. cf.intermedia,O. cf.koslowi,O. cf.lagrelii,O. cf.nihewanica). The statuses ofOchotona (Proochotona)kirgisica andO. spelaeus are uncertain.[1]

The "pusilla" group of pikas is characterized by archaic (plesiomorphic) cheek teeth and small size.[30]

The North American species migrated from Eurasia. They invaded the New World twice:

  • O. spanglei during the latest Miocene or early Pliocene, followed by a roughly three-million-year-long gap in the known North American pika record[26]
  • O. whartoni (giant pika) and small pikas via theBering Land Bridge during the earliest Pleistocene[26]

Ochotonacf.whartoni and small pikas of theO. pusilla group are also known from Siberia. The extant,endemic North American species appeared in the Pleistocene. The North American collared pika (O. collaris) andAmerican pika (O. princeps) have been suggested to have descended from the same ancestor as the steppe pika (O. pusilla).[26]

The range ofOchotona was larger in the past, with both extinct and extant species inhabiting Western Europe and Eastern North America, areas that are currently free of pikas. Pleistocene fossils of the extant steppe pikaO. pusilla currently native to Asia have been found also in many countries of Europe from theUnited Kingdom to Russia and fromItaly to Poland, and the Asiatic extant northern pikaO. hyperborea in one location in the middle Pleistocene United States.[1]

PikaOchotona sp. fossil distribution.Extinct pikas andOchotona indet. arered,steppe pikaO. pusillablue,northern pikaO. hyperboreagreen, otherextant pikas black.[1][36][n 3]
Fossil occurrences ofleporids and ochotonids and global environmental change (climate change,C3/C4 plants distribution)[1]

WhileOchotona is the only currently living genus of Ochotonidae, extinctgenera of ochotonids include †Albertona, †Alloptox, †Amphilagus, †Australagomys, †Austrolagomys, †Bellatona, †Bellatonoides, †Bohlinotona, †Cuyamalagus, †Desmatolagus, †Eurolagus, †Gripholagomys, †Gymnesicolagus, †Hesperolagomys, †Heterolagus, †Kenyalagomys, †Lagopsis, †Marcuinomys, †Ochotonoides, †Ochotonoma, †Oklahomalagus, †Oreolagus, †Paludotona, †Piezodus, †Plicalagus, †Pliolagomys, †Prolagus, †Proochotona (syn.Ochotona), †Pseudobellatona, †Ptychoprolagus, †Russellagus, †Sinolagomys, †Titanomys and †Tonomochota.[1][37] The earliest one isDesmatolagus (middle Eocene to Miocene, 42.5–14.8 Ma[1]), usually included in the Ochotonidae, sometimes inLeporidae or in neither ochotonid nor leporid stem-lagomorphs.[38]

Ochotonids appeared in Asia between the late Eocene and the early Oligocene, and continued to develop along with increased distribution ofC3 grasses in previously forest dominated areas under the "climatic optimum" from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. They thrived in Eurasia, North America, and even Africa. The peak of their diversity occurred during the period from the early Miocene to middle Miocene. Most of them became extinct during the transition from the Miocene to Pliocene, which was accompanied by an increase in diversity of theleporids. It has been proposed that this switch between ochotonids and larger leporids was caused by expansion ofC4 plants (particularly thePoaceae) related to global cooling in the late Miocene, since extant pikas reveal a strong preference forC3 plants (Asteraceae,Rosaceae, andFabaceae, many of them C3). Replacement of large areas of forests by open grassland first started probably in North America and is called sometimes "nature's green revolution".[1]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Ochotona spanglei in the Paleobiology Database.[33][pdb 1][pdb 2][pdb 3]
  2. ^Ochotona whartoni in the Paleobiology Database.[35][pdb 4][pdb 5][pdb 6][pdb 7][pdb 8][pdb 9][pdb 10]
  3. ^The coordinates of additional fossils not listed in the xls file attached to Ge and all paper[1] were taken from the Paleobiology Database.[36][pdb 11][pdb 12][pdb 13][pdb 14][pdb 15][pdb 16][pdb 17][pdb 18][pdb 19][pdb 20][pdb 6][pdb 7][pdb 21][pdb 22][pdb 5][pdb 23][pdb 24][pdb 25][pdb 26][pdb 27][pdb 28][pdb 29][pdb 30]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbiGe, Deyan; Wen, Zhixin; Xia, Lin; Zhang, Zhaoqun; Erbajeva, Margarita; Huang, Chengming; Yang, Qisen (April 3, 2013)."Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change".PLOS ONE.8 (4:e59668): e59668.Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859668G.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059668.PMC 3616043.PMID 23573205.Table_S1.xlsArchived 2014-05-22 at theWayback Machine
  2. ^abHoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005)."Order Lagomorpha". InWilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 185–193.ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC 62265494.
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  12. ^Erb, Liesl P; Ray, Chris; Guralnick, Robert (2011-09-01)."On the generality of a climate-mediated shift in the distribution of the American pika (Ochotona princeps)".Ecology.92 (9):1730–1735.Bibcode:2011Ecol...92.1730E.doi:10.1890/11-0175.1.PMID 21939069.
  13. ^abLeininger, Charlene (2009)."Ochotona collaris".Animal Diversity Web. Archived fromthe original on 2013-06-28. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.
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Additional references of the Paleobiology Database

[edit]
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  17. ^Frazier, M. K. (1977). "New Records of Neofiber leonardi (Rodentia: Cricetidae) and the Paleoecology of the Genus".Journal of Mammalogy.58 (3):368–373.doi:10.2307/1379335.JSTOR 1379335.
  18. ^Gidley, J. W. (1913)."Preliminary report on a recently discovered Pleistocene cave deposit near Cumberland, Maryland".Proceedings of the United States National Museum.46 (2014):93–102.doi:10.5479/si.00963801.46-2014.93.hdl:2027/hvd.32044107347718.
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  22. ^Janossy, D. (1986).Pleistocene vertebrate faunas of Hungary. Vol. 8. Amsterdam: Elsevier.ISBN 978-0-444-99526-1.{{cite book}}:|journal= ignored (help)
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  27. ^Sotnikova, M.V.; Dodonov, A.E.; Pen'kov, A.V. (1997). "Upper Cenozoic bio-magnetic stratigraphy of Central Asian mammalian localities".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.133 (3–4):243–258.Bibcode:1997PPP...133..243S.doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(97)00078-3.
  28. ^Terzea, E. (1996). "Biochronology of the Pleistocene deposits at Betfia (Bihor, Romania)".Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia.39 (1):531–540.
  29. ^Winkler, A. J.; Grady, F. (1990). "The middle Pleistocene rodentAtopomys (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae) from the eastern and south-central United States".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.10 (4):484–490.Bibcode:1990JVPal..10..484W.doi:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011831.
  30. ^Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include John Alroy, Anna Behrensmeyer, Will Clyde, Alan Turner, Mark Uhen.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Orr, Robert Thomas (1977).The Little-known Pika (illustrated ed.). New York: Macmillan.ISBN 9780025939608.

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toOchotona.
Wikispecies has information related toOchotona.
  • The trek of the pika, by Michael Morris, Parks Canada, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks. (includes sound file)
ExtantLagomorpha species
Ochotona
Pentalagus
Bunolagus
Nesolagus
Romerolagus
Brachylagus
Sylvilagus
(Cottontail rabbits)
Oryctolagus
Poelagus
Pronolagus
(Red rock hares)
Caprolagus
Lepus
(Hares)
Genera ofrabbits,pikas and their extinct relatives
Ochotonidae
Leporidae
    • See below ↓
Prolagus sardus
†Archaeolaginae
Leporinae
†Palaeolaginae
†Dasyporcina
Nuralagus rex
Ochotona
Ochotonidae
Authority control databases: NationalEdit this at Wikidata
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