Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Occidentalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Imitation or depiction of Western culture
Christopher Columbus is depicted landing in theWest Indies, on an island that the natives calledGuanahani and he named San Salvador, on October 12, 1492.

Occidentalism refers to a discipline that discusses theWestern world (theOccident). In this context the West becomes the object, while the East is the subject. The West in the context of Occidentalism does not refer to the West in a geographical sense, but to culture or custom, especially covering the fields of thought, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, history, religion, colonialism, war, apartheid, and geography. It is not as popular asOrientalism in the general public and in academic settings.[1]

The term emerged as the reciprocal of the notion of Orientalism popularized by literary criticEdward Said, which refers to Western stereotypes of theEastern world, theOrient.[2]

Terminologies

[edit]

Different languages have different terms relating to Occidentalism and Westernization.

In Arabic

[edit]

InArabic,al-Istighraab (Arabic:الاستغراب,lit.'Westernization') is a contemporary psychological, social, and cultural phenomenon. The individuals who embody it are characterized by their inclination toward, attachment to, and emulation of the West. It originated in non-Western societies as a result of the civilizational shock that befell it before and during colonialism.[3]

Ilm al-istighraab (Arabic:علم الاستغراب) means the 'science of Westernization' or 'Occidentalism'. It is opposite to the science of Orientalism. Dr.Hassan Hanafi said: "Occidentalism is the unraveling of the double historical knot between the self and the other... It is the elimination of the complex of greatness of the Western other, by transforming it from a subject in itself to a studied object... The task of Orientalism is to eliminate Eurocentrism and show how European consciousness has taken center stage throughout modern history, within its own civilizational environment."[4]

Al-Taghreeb (Arabic:التغريب) means 'Westernization'. It is "a cultural and political action carried out by officials in the West, most importantly Orientalists andWesternizers, aiming to obscure the features of the religious and cultural life of Islamic and other societies, and to force these societies to imitate the West and revolve in its orbit."[3]

Occidental representations

[edit]

In China, "Traditions Regarding Western Countries" became a regular part of theTwenty-Four Histories from the 5th century AD, when commentary about The West concentrated upon on an area that did not extend farther thanSyria.[5] The extension of Europeanimperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries established, represented, and defined the existence of an "Eastern world" and of a "Western world". Western stereotypes appear in works ofIndian,Chinese andJapanese art of those times.[6] At the same time, Western influence in politics, culture, economics and science came to be constructed through an imaginative geography of West and East.

Occidentalism figures

[edit]

Occidentalism debated

[edit]

InOccidentalism: The West in the Eyes of its Enemies (2004),Ian Buruma andAvishai Margalit argue that nationalist and nativist resistance to the West replicates Eastern-world responses against the socio-economic forces ofmodernization, which originated in Western culture, amongutopian radicals and conservative nationalists who viewedcapitalism,liberalism, andsecularism as forces destructive of their societies and cultures.[7] While the early responses to the West were a genuine encounter between alien cultures, many of the later manifestations ofOccidentalism betray the influence of Western ideas upon Easternintellectuals, such as the supremacy of thenation-state, theRomantic rejection of rationality, and the spiritual impoverishment of the citizenry of liberal democracies.

Buruma and Margalit trace that resistance toGerman Romanticism and to the debates, between the Westernisers and theSlavophiles in 19th-centuryRussia, and show that like arguments appear in the ideologies ofZionism,Maoism,Islamism, and ImperialJapanese nationalism. Nonetheless, Alastair Bonnett rejects the analyses of Buruma and Margalit as Eurocentric, and said that the field of Occidentalism emerged from the interconnection of Eastern and Western intellectual traditions.[8][9][10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Misrawi, Zuhairi (2010).Moderate Muslim Views. Jakarta: Kompas Book Publishers. p. 165.
  2. ^Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (2009-12-04).The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. Routledge. p. 514.ISBN 978-1-135-23640-3.
  3. ^abal-Sharif, Dr. Abdullah (2017).الاستغراب في المغرب الأقصى. (ظواهره وقضاياه)" مطبعة تطوان. p. 24.
  4. ^حنفي, حسن; Ḥanafī, Ḥasan (1991).مقدمة في علم الاستغراب (in Arabic). الدار الفنية،. pp. 29–36.ISBN 978-977-208-030-4.
  5. ^Bonnett 2004
  6. ^Hilton, Isabel (20 July 2011)."Occidentalism".Prospect Magazine. Retrieved2013-01-29.
  7. ^Hari, Johann (2004-08-15)."Occidentalism by Ian Buruma & Avishai Margalit".The Independent. Archived fromthe original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved2013-01-29.
  8. ^Shlapentokh, Dmitry (July 2, 2005)."Changing perceptions".Asia Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved2013-01-29.
  9. ^Martin Jacques (2004-09-04)."Review: Occidentalism by Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit".The Guardian. Retrieved2013-01-29.
  10. ^"Occidentalism by Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit".The New York Review of Books. 2002-01-17. Retrieved2013-01-29.

Further reading

[edit]
Foundations
History
Culture
Philosophy
Religion
Law
Contemporary
integration
Authority control databases: NationalEdit this at Wikidata
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occidentalism&oldid=1279765105"
Categories:
Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp