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Obstruent

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Speech sound formed by obstructing airflow

Anobstruent (/ˈɒbstruənt/OB-stroo-ənt) is aspeech sound such as[k],[d͡ʒ], or[f] that isformed byobstructingairflow. Obstruents contrast withsonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate.^[1] All obstruents areconsonants, but sonorants includevowels as well as consonants.

Subclasses

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Obstruents are subdivided into:

plosives (oral stops), such as[p,t,k,b,d,ɡ], with complete occlusion of the vocal tract, often followed by a release burst;
fricatives, such as[f,ɸ,θ,s,ʃ,x,v,β,z,ʒ,ɣ], with limited closure, not stopping airflow but making it turbulent;
affricates, which begin with complete occlusion but then release into a fricative-like release, such as[t͡ʃ]and[d͡ʒ].^[2]

Voicing

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Obstruents are often prototypicallyvoiceless, but voiced obstruents are common. This contrasts with sonorants, which are prototypically voiced and only rarelyphonemically voiceless.^[3]

References

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^Gussenhoven, Carlos; Haike, Jacobs.Understanding Phonology, Fourth Edition, Routledge, 2017
^Zsiga, Elizabeth.The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
^Blevins, Juliette (2018). "Evolutionary phonology and the life cycle of voiceless sonorants".Typological Studies in Language.121:31–58.doi:10.1075/tsl.121.01ble.

Ian Maddieson (1984).Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-26536-3.
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.

Articulation

Articulatory phonetics –Co-articulation –International Phonetic Alphabet

Place

Labial

Coronal

Linguolabial Interdental Dental Denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex
Active place	Apical Laminal Subapical

Velopharyngeal

Other

Bidental

Manner

Obstruent	Plosive Affricate Fricative Sibilant
Sonorant	Nasal Vowel Approximant Semivowel Vibrant Tap/flap Trill
Liquid Rhotic Lateral Occlusive Continuant