Abjuration is the solemn repudiation, abandonment, or renunciation by or uponoath, often therenunciation of citizenship or some otherright orprivilege. The term comes from theLatinabjurare, "to forswear".
Abjuration of the realm was a type of abjuration in ancientEnglish law. The person taking the oath swore to leave the country directly and promptly, never to return to the kingdom unless by permission of the sovereign. This was often taken by fugitives who had takensanctuary:[1]
I swear on the Holy Book that I will leave the realm of England and never return without the express permission of my Lord the King or his heirs. I will hasten by the direct road to the port allotted to me and not leave the King's highway under pain of arrest or execution. I will not stay at one place more than one night and will seek diligently for a passage across the sea as soon as I arrive, delaying only one tide if possible. If I cannot secure such passage, I will walk into the sea up to my knees every day as a token of my desire to cross. And if I fail in all this, then peril shall be my lot.
Near the start of theEnglish Civil War, on 18 August 1643 Parliament passed "An Ordinance for Explanation of a former Ordinance for Sequestration of Delinquents Estates with some Enlargements." The enlargements included an oath which became known as the "Oath of Abjuration":
I ..; Do abjure and renounce thePope's Supremacy and Authority over the Catholic Church in General, and over my self in Particular; And I do believe that there is not anyTransubstantiation in the Sacrament of the Lords Supper, or in the Elements ofBread andWine after Consecration thereof, by any Person whatsoever; And I do also believe, that there is not anyPurgatory, Or that the consecratedHost, Crucifixes, or Images, ought to be worshipped, or that any worship is due unto any of them; And I also believe thatSalvation cannot be Merited by Works, and all Doctrines in affirmation of the said Points; I do abjure and renounce, without any Equivocation, Mental Reservation, or secret Evasion whatsoever, taking the words by me spoken, according to the common and usual meaning of them. So help me God.[2]
In 1656–7, it was reissued in what was for Catholics an even more objectionable form. Everyone was to be "adjudged a Papist" who refused this oath, and the consequent penalties began with the confiscation of two-thirds of therecusant's goods, and went on to deprive him of almost every civic right.[3]
TheCatholic Encyclopaedia makes the point that the oath and the penalties were so severe that it stopped the efforts of theGallicanizing party among the English Catholics, who had been ready to offer forms of submission similar to the old oath of Allegiance, which was condemned anew about this time by PopeInnocent X.[3][4]
DuringThe Killing Time of the 1680s an Abjuration Oath could be put to suspects where they were given the option to abjure or renounce their allegiances. The terms of the oath were deliberately designed to offend the consciences of thePresbyterianCovenanters. Those who would not swear "whether they have arms, or not" could be "immediately killed" by field trial "before two witnesses" on a charge of high treason.[6]John Brown was included among those executed in this judicial process by John Graham (Bluidy Clavers) on 1 May 1685.[7] The wives and children of such men could also be put out of their houses if they had spoken to the suspect or refused the oath themselves.
In England (and after 1707 Great Britain) the Oath of Abjuration denied the royal title ofJames II's heirs (i.e. the direct Catholic descendant of the House of Stuart exiled after the Glorious Revolution in 1688). InEngland, an Oath of Abjuration was taken byMembers of Parliament, clergy, and laymen, pledging to support the currentBritish monarch and repudiated the right of theStuarts and other claimants to the throne. This oath was imposed underWilliam III,George I andGeorge III. It was superseded by theoath of allegiance. In Ireland, the oath was imposed of state officeholders, teachers, lawyers, and on the clergy of the established church in from 1703, the following year it was on all Irish voters and from 1709 it could be demanded of any adult male by a magistrate.
The Bilino Polje abjuration, also known as "Confessio Christianorum bosniensis", was an act of alleged heresy abjuration by clergy of theBosnian Church in presence of the Bosnian ruler,Ban Kulin, andGiovanni da Casamari. It affirmed theprimacy of the pope and related to errors of practice, stemming from ignorance, rather than heretical doctrines. It was signed by seven Bosnian priors, on 8 April 1203 atBilino Polje field, near today town ofZenica, inBosnia and Herzegovina. The same document was brought toBuda, in 30 April by Giovanni da Casamari, Ban Kulin and two abbots, where it was examined byEmeric, King of Hungary, and the high clergy.
Another famous abjuration was brought about by thePlakkaat van Verlatinghe of July 26, 1581, the formalAct of Abjuration or declaration of independence of theLow Countries from theSpanish king,Philip II. This oath was the climax of theEighty Years' War (Dutch Revolt).
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "English Post-Reformation Oaths".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.