Oakland's territory covers what was once a mosaic ofCalifornia coastal terrace prairie,oakwoodland, and northcoastal scrub.[17] In the late 18th century, it became part of a largerancho grant in the colony ofNew Spain, and was known for its plentifuloak tree stands. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak andredwood timber were logged to buildSan Francisco.[17] The fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region. In the 1850s, what became the first campus of theUniversity of California was founded in Oakland, and Oakland was selected as the western terminal of theTranscontinental Railroad in 1869.[18] The following year, Oakland'sLake Merritt became the United States' first officially designated wildlife refuge, now aNational Historic Landmark. Following the catastrophic1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the population, increasing its housing stock, and improving its infrastructure. It continued to grow in the 20th century with its port,shipyards, and manufacturing industry. In the 21st century, between 2019 and 2023, after the city and county refused requests for hundreds of millions of dollars in benefits to the privately owned teams, Oakland lost three teams of themajor North American sports leagues within a span of five years.[19][20]
The earliest known inhabitants of the area were the Huchiun natives, who lived there for thousands of years. The Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called theOhlone (aMiwok word meaning "western people").[21] In Oakland, they were concentrated aroundLake Merritt andTemescal Creek, a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay atEmeryville.
In 1772, the area that later became Oakland was colonized, along with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the king ofSpain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area toLuis María Peralta for hisRancho San Antonio. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain.[22] Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland was within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente.[23] The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was calledEncinar (misrendered at an early date and carried forward as "encinal") – Spanish for "oak grove" – due to the large oak forest that covered the area, which eventually led to the city's name.[5]
According toStanford University historian Albert Camarillo, the Peralta family struggled to keep their land after the incorporation of California into the United States after theMexican–American War. Camarillo claims the family was the victim of targetedracial violence. He writes inChicanos in California, "They lost everything when squatters cut down their fruit trees, killed their cattle, destroyed their buildings, and even fenced off the roads leading to the rancho. Especially insidious were the actions of attorneyHorace Carpentier, who tricked Vicente Peralta into signing a 'lease' which turned out to be a mortgage against the 19,000-acre rancho. The lands became Carpentier's when Peralta refused to repay the loan he believed was fraudulently incurred. The Peraltas had no choice but to abandon the homesite they had occupied for two generations."[24]
In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland.[25] In 1852, the Town of Oakland was incorporated by the state legislature.[26] During this time, Oakland had 75–100 inhabitants, two hotels, a wharf, two warehouses, and only cattle trails. Two years later, on March 25, 1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland.[27] Horace Carpentier was elected the first mayor, though a scandal ended his mayorship in less than a year.[28] In 1853, a preparatory academy was founded in Oakland that soon became theCollege of California, and in 1869, the first campus of theUniversity of California. The university moved just north toBerkeley in the 1870s.[29]
During the 1850s, just as gold was discovered in California, Oakland started growing and further developing because land was becoming too expensive inSan Francisco.[30] People in China were struggling financially as a result of theFirst Opium War, theSecond Opium War, and theTaiping Rebellion, so they began migrating to Oakland, many of whom were recruited to work on railroads. However, the Chinese struggled to settle because they were discriminated against by the white community and their living quarters were burned down on several occasions.[31][page needed]
The city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, theCentral Pacific constructed theOakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, the site of today'sPort of Oakland.[32]
A number ofhorsecar andcable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electricstreetcar set out from Oakland toBerkeley in 1891, and other lines were converted and added over the course of the 1890s. The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired byFrancis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as theKey System, the predecessor of today's publicly ownedAC Transit.
Oakland was one of the worst affected cities in California that was impacted by theSan Francisco plague of 1900–1904.Quarantine measures were set in place at the Oakland ports requiring the authorities at the port to inspect the arriving vessels for the presence of infected rats.[33] Quarantine authorities at these ports inspected over a thousand vessels per year for plague and yellow fever. By 1908, over 5,000 people were detained in quarantine.[34] Hunters were sent to poison the affected areas in Oakland and shoot the squirrels, but the eradication work was limited in its range because the State Board of Health and theUnited States Public Health Service were only allotted about $60,000 a year to eradicate the disease. During this period Oakland did not have sufficient health facilities, so some of the infected patients were treated at home.[35]
The State Board of Health along with Oakland also advised physicians to promptly report any cases of infected patients.[36] Yet, in 1919 it still resulted in a small epidemic ofPneumonic plague which killed a dozen people in Oakland.[36] This started when a man went hunting in Contra Costa Valley and killed a squirrel. After eating the squirrel, he fell ill four days later and another household member contracted the plague. This in turn was passed on either directly or indirectly to about a dozen others.[37] The officials in Oakland acted quickly by issuing death certificates to monitor the spread of plague.[36]
At the time of incorporation in 1852, Oakland had consisted of the territory that lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north. Oakland's rise toindustrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the nearby town ofAlameda being made an island. In 1906, the city's population doubled with refugees made homeless after the1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
In 1908, the lawyer, former miner, and newspaper owner Homer Wood (1880–1976) suggested to his friend Frank Bilger of Blake and Bilger Rock Quarry and Paving Company that he organize a gathering to establish aRotary Club east of the bay. On November 27, 1908, Homer took a ferry across the bay in a driving rainstorm and met for lunch with Frank and twenty three other businessmen at the Hotel Metropole at 13th and Jefferson. This gathering became the first meeting of the Tri-City Rotary Club, renamed in 1911 The Rotary Club of Oakland, the third Rotary Club in the world. This group established the tradition of weekly meetings, something most clubs worldwide follow today.[38]
In 1917,General Motors opened an automobile factory inEast Oakland calledOakland Assembly. It producedChevrolet cars and thenGMC trucks until 1963, when it was moved toFremont in southern Alameda County.[39] Also in 1916, theFageol Motor Company chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923.[40][41] By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, includingmetals, canneries, bakeries,internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.[42] By 1929, whenChrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "Detroit of the West," referring to the major auto manufacturing center in Michigan.[43]
Old Oakland neighborhood
Oakland expanded during the 1920s, as its population expanded with factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built in the 3 years between 1921 and 1924,[44] more than during the 13 years between 1907 and 1920.[45] Many of the large downtown office buildings, apartment buildings, and single-family houses still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; they reflect the architectural styles of the time.
Historic 1920s-era Parkway TheaterIn 1924, theTribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark. While it is no longer occupied by theOakland Tribune, its historic appearance is preserved.
Russell Clifford Durant established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street in 1916.[46] The firsttranscontinental airmail flight finished its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, flown by Army Capt.Eddie Rickenbacker and NavyLt.Bert Acosta.[47] Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the currentOakland International Airport was soon established four miles (6.4 km) to the southwest.[48]
During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Oakland'sMoore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships. Valued at $100 million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District, and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company.[49]
PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt called on defense industries with government contracts to integrate their workforces and provide opportunities for all Americans. Tens of thousands of laborers came from around the country, especially poor whites and blacks from the Deep South: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas, as well as Missouri and Tennessee.Henry J. Kaiser's representatives recruitedsharecroppers andtenant farmers from rural areas to work in his shipyards. African Americans were part of theGreat Migration by which five million persons left the South, mostly for the West, from 1940 to 1970. White migrants from theJim Crow South carried their racial attitudes, causing tensions to rise among black and white workers competing for better-paying jobs in the Bay Area. The racial harmony Oakland African-Americans had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated.[50] Also migrating to the area during this time were manyMexican Americans from southwestern states such asNew Mexico,Texas, andColorado. Many worked for theSouthern Pacific Railroad, at its major rail yard in West Oakland. Their young men encountered hostility and discrimination by Armed Forces personnel, and tensions broke out in "zoot suit riots" in downtown Oakland in 1943 in the wake of a major disturbance in Los Angeles that year.[51]
In 1946,National City Lines (NCL), a General Motorsholding company, acquired 64% ofKey System stock; during the next several years NCL engaged in theconspiratorial dissolution of Oakland's electricstreetcar system. The city's expensive electric streetcar fleet was converted to cheaper diesel buses.[52] The state Legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which operates today asAC Transit, the third-largest bus-only transit system in the nation.[53]
After the war, as Oakland's shipbuilding industry declined and the automobile industry went through restructuring, many jobs were lost.[54] In addition, labor unrest increased as workers struggled to protect their livelihoods. Oakland was the center of ageneral strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that had such a strike after World War II.[55]
TheMary's First and Last Chance in Oakland was a lesbian bar, once the focus of the 1950sCalifornia Supreme Court lawsuit Vallerga v. Dept. Alcoholic Bev. Control, when the bar challenged a state law for the right to serve gay patrons and won in 1959.[56][57]
In 1960, Kaiser Corporation opened its new headquarters; it was the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower west ofChicago" up to that time.[58] In the postwar period, suburban development increased around Oakland, andwealthier residents moved to new housing. Despite the major increases in the number and proportion of African Americans in the city, in 1966 only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black. Tensions between the black community and the largely white police force were high, as expectations during the civil rights era increased to gain social justice and equality before the law. Police abuse of blacks was common.[59][60]
StudentsHuey Newton andBobby Seale founded theBlack Panther Party atMerritt College (then located at a former high school on Grove Street, now occupied byChildren's Hospital Oakland Research Institute), which emphasizedBlack nationalism, advocated armed self-defense against police, and was involved in several incidents that ended in the deaths of police officers and other Black Panther members. Among their social programs were feeding children and providing other services to the needy.[61]
As in many other American cities during the 1980s,crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland. Drug dealing in general, and the dealing of crack cocaine in particular, resulted in elevated rates of violent crime, causing Oakland to consistently be listed as one of America's most crime-ridden cities.[62]
In 1980, Oakland's Black population reached its 20th-century peak at approximately 47% of the overall city population.[63]
The 6.9MwLoma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989. The rupture was related to the San Andreas fault system and affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area with a maximumMercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Many structures in Oakland were badly damaged including the double-decker portion of Interstate 880 that collapsed. The eastern span of theSan Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also sustained damage and was closed to traffic for one month.
On October 20, 1991, a massivefirestorm swept down from theBerkeley/Oakland hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, 150 people were injured, and nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. With the loss of life and an estimated economic loss ofUS$1.5 billion, this was the worst urban firestorm in American history, until 2017.[64][65]
During the mid-1990s, Oakland's economy began to recover as it transitioned to new types of jobs. In addition, the city participated in large development and urban renewal projects, concentrated especially in the downtown area, at thePort of Oakland, and at theOakland International Airport.[66]
Port of Oakland and downtown, with the Oakland and Berkeley Hills in the background
After his 1999 inauguration, Oakland MayorJerry Brown continued his predecessorElihu Harris' public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.[67] Brown's plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases andgentrification, which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities.[68]
African-Americans dropped to 28% of Oakland's population in 2010, from nearly half in 1980, due to fast-rising rents and an extreme housing crisis in the region.[72]
Oakland is the second U.S. city, afterDenver, to decriminalizepsilocybin mushrooms. In June 2019, the City Council passed the resolution in a unanimous vote ending the investigation and imposition of criminal penalties for use and possession ofnatural entheogens.[74][75]
In November 2019, two homeless mothers and their children moved into a vacant three-bedroom house in West Oakland. The group, calling themselvesMoms 4 Housing, said their goal was to protest what they said was a large number of vacant houses in Oakland owned by redevelopment companies while the city experienced a housing crisis.[76] Two months later they were evicted from the house by three dozen sheriff's deputies, as hundreds of supporters demonstrated in favor of the women.[77] The incident received nationwide coverage.[78] The company that owns the house later said they would sell it to a nonprofit affordable housing group.[79] As of 2019, Oakland's per-capita homeless rate was higher than San Francisco and Berkeley. Between 2014 and 2020, Oakland strengthened its protections for tenants in order to reduce the displacement of its long-time residents. Between January 2020 and March 2022, Oakland suffered a disproportionate death toll from theCOVID-19 pandemic andDeltacron hybrid variant within the San Francisco Bay Area.
In 2023, prior to and during the Covid pandemic, Oakland became the first city in American history to lose three professional major league sports teams to other cities within a span of five years.[80]
TheUnited States Census Bureau says the city's total area is 78.0 square miles (202 km2), including 55.8 square miles (145 km2) of land and 22.2 square miles (57 km2) (28.48 percent) of water.
Oaklanders refer to their city's terrain as "the flatlands" and"the hills". Until recent waves of gentrification, these terms also symbolized Oakland's deep economic divide, with "the hills" being more affluent communities. About two-thirds of Oakland lies in the flat plain of the East Bay, with one-third rising into the foothills and hills of the East Bay range.
Ruptures along the nearbySan Andreas Fault caused severe earth movement in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1906 and 1989. San Andreas quakes inducescreep (movement occurring on earthquake faults) in the Hayward fault, which runs directly through Oakland, Berkeley, San Jose and other Bay Area cities.[82]
Panorama of Oakland, California, from the top of Mountain View Cemetery
The north end of theAdams Point district, as seen from Lakeshore Avenue on the east shore of the lakeUpperRockridge
Oakland has more than 50 distinct neighborhoods. The city's greater divisions include downtown Oakland and its greaterCentral Business District,Lake Merritt,East Oakland,North Oakland,West Oakland, and theOakland Hills. East Oakland, which includes the East Oakland Hills, encompasses more than half of Oakland's land area, stretching from Lakeshore Avenue on the east shore of Lake Merritt southeast to theSan Leandro border. North Oakland encompasses the neighborhoods between downtown andBerkeley andEmeryville. West Oakland is the area between downtown and the Bay, partially surrounded by theOakland Point, and encompassing thePort of Oakland. In 2011, Oakland was ranked the tenth most walkable city in the United States byWalk Score.[83]
Oakland's Chinatown district is one of the oldest in the nation.
Lake Merritt, an urban estuary near downtown, is a mix of fresh and salt water draining in and out from the Oakland Harbor at the San Francisco Bay and one of Oakland's most notable features.[84] It was designated the United States' first official wildlife refuge in 1870.[85] Originally a marsh-lined wildlife haven, Lake Merritt was dredged and bordered with parks from the 1890s to the 1910s. Despite this reduction in habitat, Oakland is home to a number of rare and endangered species, many of which are localized toserpentine soils and bedrock. Lake Merritt is surrounded by residential and business districts, includingdowntown andGrand Lake.
The city ofPiedmont, incorporated in Oakland's central foothills after the 1906 earthquake, is a small independent city surrounded by the city of Oakland.
Oakland has awarm-summer Mediterranean climate (KöppenCsb) with an average of 260 sunny days per year. In general, the city features warm, dry summers, and cool, wet winters.
Based on data gathered by theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oakland is ranked No. 1 in climate among U.S. cities.[86] Oakland's climate is typified by the temperate and seasonal Mediterranean climate. Summers are usually dry and warm and winters are cool and damp. It has features found in both nearby coastal cities such as San Francisco and inland cities such asSan Jose, making it warmer than San Francisco and cooler than San Jose. Its position on San Francisco Bay across from theBay Bridge means the northern part of the city can have coolingmaritime fog. It is far enough inland that the fog often burns off by midday, allowing it to have typically sunny California days. The hills tend to have more fog than the flatlands, as the fog drifts down fromBerkeley.
TheU.S. Weather Bureau kept weather records in downtown Oakland from October 4, 1894, to July 31, 1958. During that time, the record high temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 1957, and the record low temperature was 24 °F (−4 °C) on January 23, 1949. Dry, warm offshore "Diablo" winds (similar to theSanta Ana winds of Southern California) sometimes occur, especially in fall, and raise the fire danger. In 1991, such an episode allowed the catastrophic Oakland Hills fire to spread and consume many homes.
Climate chart for Oakland
Oakland, like much of Northern California, is susceptible to winter rainstorms andAtmospheric rivers. The wettest "rain year" was from July 1997 to June 1998 with 47.76 inches (1,213.1 mm) and the driest from July 2020 to June 2021 with 8.03 inches (204.0 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 15.35 inches (390 mm) in January 1911. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 4.75 inches (121 mm) on December 31, 2022.[87] Rainfall near the bayfront is only 23 inches (580 mm), but is higher in the Oakland Hills to the east (up to 30 inches [760 mm]), with nearly all precipitation falling between November and April. While measurable amounts of snowfall in Oakland at sea level is very rare, light snow accumulates on the ground the higher elevations of the Oakland hills with more regularity.
Overnight lows are mild. Oakland seldom experiences warm nights with the warmest recorded night of 72 °F (22 °C) in September 1971 and an average of 64 °F (18 °C) for the annual warmest low.[88] The coldest day of the year averages a mild 50 °F (10 °C) and has never been recorded below 36 °F (2 °C).[88]
The higher rainfall in the hills supports woods of oak, madrona, pine, fir and a few redwood groves in the wetter areas. Before being logged in the 19th century, some of the tallest redwood trees in California (used for navigation by ships entering the Golden Gate) may have stood in the Oakland Hills. One old stump 30 feet (9.1 m) in diameter can be seen near Redwood Regional Park. Sunny, drier slopes are grassy or covered in scattered oaks and chaparral brush.Australian eucalyptus trees have been extensively planted in many areas, as they come from a similar climate.
The2020 United States census[92] reported Oakland had a population of 440,646. The population density was 7,898.30 inhabitants per square mile (3,049.55/km2).
Oakland, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
White Americans are the largest racial/ethnic group at either 31.1% (includingWhite Hispanics) or 29.7% (excluding White Hispanics).[100]
Hispanics have been the second largest ethnic group since 2012 when they displaced the Black population. However, Black Americans still form the second largest racial group. By ethnicity, 26.8% of the total population isHispanic-Latino (of any race) and 73.2% is Non-Hispanic (of any race).[100] The majority of Hispanics self-identify as Some Other Race (69.3%) with the remainder choosing White (5.4%), Multiracial (19.2%), Black (1.6%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (3.8%), Asian (0.7%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.1%).[100]
The Black population is the third largest ethnic group and second largest racial group at either 20.6% (including Black Hispanics) or 20.1% excluding Black Hispanics.[100]
The Asian population continues to remain the fourth largest group at 15.9% of the population.[100]
5.1% are of English ancestry, French (except Basque), 1.4% German, 6.1% Irish - 6.2% Italian, 3.1% Norwegian, 1.1% Polish - 1.7% Scottish and 1.0%Subsaharan African 2.5%.[101]
The most common ancestries in Oakland are German, Irish, English, Italian and European. Spanish and Chinese are the most common non-English spoken languages.[102]
The greater Oakland area[specify] has the fifth largest cluster of "elite zip codes" ranked by the number of households with the highest combination of income and education.[103] 37.9% of residents over 25 years of age have bachelor's degree or higher.[104] Oakland ranked among the top cities with residents with bachelor's degrees and graduate degrees per square mile.[105]
Oakland ranks in the top 20 of American cities in median household income, with a 2012 value ofUS$51,863.[106] In 2012, the median income for a household in the city wasUS$51,863 and the median income for a family wasUS$59,459. The mean income for a household wasUS$77,888 and the mean income for a family wasUS$90,948. Males had a median income ofUS$50,140 versusUS$50,304 for females.[107] The unemployment rate as of December 2013 was 9.7%.[108]
In 2007 approximately 15.3 percent of families and 17.0 percent of the general population were below the poverty line, including 27.9 percent of those under age 18 and 13.1 percent of those age 65 or over. 0.7% of the population is homeless.[109] Home ownership is 41%[109] and 14% of rental units are subsidized.[109]
As of the census[110] of 2000, 19.4% of the population and 16.2% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
El Mirador, a historicSpanish Colonial Revival apartment building, built in 1931 by noted Bay Area architect Douglas Dacre Stone.
The census reported 382,586 people (97.9% of the population) lived in households, 5,675 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,463 (0.6%) were institutionalized.
There were 153,791 households, out of which 44,762 (29.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 50,797 (33.0%) wereopposite-sex married couples living together, 24,122 (15.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8,799 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 11,289 (7.3%)unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3,442 (2.2%)same-sex married couples or partnerships. 52,103 households (33.9%) were made up of individuals, and 13,778 (9.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 83,718families (54.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.27.
The population was spread out, with 83,120 people (21.3%) under the age of 18, 36,272 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 129,139 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 98,634 people (25.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 43,559 people (11.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.
There were 169,710 housing units at an average density of 2,175.7 per square mile (840.0/km2), of which 153,791 were occupied, of which 63,142 (41.1%) were owner-occupied, and 90,649 (58.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. 166,662 people (42.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 215,924 people (55.3%) lived in rental housing units.
Oakland has consistently ranked as one of the most ethnically diverse major cities in the country.[111][112] A 2019 analysis by WalletHub showed that Oakland was the most ethnoracially diverse city in the United States.[113] The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, whites, declined from 95.3% in 1940 to 32.5% by 1990, due to a combination of factors, including suburbanization. Oakland became a destination for African Americans in theGreat Migration during and after World War II as they gained high-paying jobs in the defense industry. Blacks have formed a plurality in Oakland for many years, peaking in 1980 at about 47% of the population.
Oakland's Black population decreased by nearly 25 percent between 2000 and 2010.[114] The city's demographics have changed due to a combination of rising housing prices associated withgentrification and with blacks relocating to better (and in many cases more affordable) housing in Bay Area suburbs or moving to theSouthern United States in a reverse migration, where conditions (including race relations) are considered to have improved in comparison to previous generations.[115][116][117] These trends and cultural shifts have led to a decline among some of Oakland's long standing black institutions, such as churches, businesses and nightclubs, which had developed during the growing years of the 1950s through 1970.[118]
In the 2010 census African Americans maintained their status as Oakland's single largest ethnic group, with 27% of the population, followed by non-Hispanicwhites at 25.9%, and Hispanics of any race at 25.4%.[119] Ethnic Asians constitute 17%, followed by smaller minority groups.
An analysis by the Urban Institute ofU.S. Census 2000 numbers showed Oakland had the third-highest concentration ofgays and lesbians among the 50 largest U.S. cities, behind San Francisco and Seattle. Census data showed that among incorporated places that have at least 500 female couples, Oakland had the nation's largest proportion. In the 2000 census, 2,650 lesbian couples identified as such in Oakland; one in every 41 Oakland couples identified as a same-sex female partnership.[121][122]
As of 2020, the San Francisco-Oakland Metro shows indications of having the greatest intensity of gentrification nationally, with over 31% of eligible neighborhoods gentrifying. Gentrifying neighborhoods showed significant increases in median home value, median household income, percentage of college educated residents, but also in economic inequality.[123]
Historically low-income neighborhoods have been rapidly changed by new, higher-income residents as high-wage tech workers and expensive housing have continued to push lower-wage residents out of Oakland.[123] In West Oakland, for example, median household income rose from $80,700 to $86,300 between 2010 and 2017, while the percent of population with four-year degrees rose from one-third to nearly one-half, according to the National Community Reinvestment Coalition.[124]
Big tech companies have continued to transform the communities and culture of Oakland as modern apartments have appeared, housing prices have spiked, and many prior working-class residents have moved to suburbs further inland.[125]
According to 2015 data compiled by the Bay Area Equity Atlas, 91% of low-income households of color were either in neighborhoods that were gentrifying or were at risk of gentrification at the time.[126] The number was higher for individual low-income communities, with 96% of Native American households in neighborhoods that either experienced gentrification or were at risk of being gentrified, followed by Latino households at 94%, Black households at 92%, and Asian or Pacific Islander households at 88%.[126]
A 2014 study by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law & Social Policy at theUniversity of California, Berkeley School of Law examined crime in the city from 1987 to 2012 and concluded that "The story of crime in Oakland over the last 25 years is a nuanced one, as there are both positive and negative aspects of the crime trends."[131] Crimedramatically decreased since the early 1990s but the city has continued to suffer from seriousviolent crime problems.[131] Crime trends generally tracked comparison cities ofFresno,Richmond,Sacramento, andStockton "in terms of direction if not magnitude"; this suggested that crime trends are regional rather than city-specific.[131]
A 2007 journal article identified crime in Oakland as being fueled by the dramatic increase of street narcotics sales and use since the 1970s, with Oakland becoming a major west-coast hub for heroin and cocaine distribution. Subsequent battle for control over the lucrative narcotics trade incited gang conflicts and violence, with shootings becoming a regular occurrence. A concurrent rise in rape, robbery, burglary, auto-theft and other crimes occurred as well. Prior to 1960, there had been successful government-funded social programs whereby rebellious teens were enrolled in youth centers that would teach them proper values and improve their behavior. Similar programs since then have been inconsistent.[137]
By the 1970s, the police andFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) usedmilitary tactics such as SWAT teams, infiltration and counter intelligence in an attempt to counter groups such as the Black Panthers (responsible for several police ambushes), the S.L.A. and organized drug gangs such as the "69 Mob", with increases in arrests, prosecutions, and imprisonment.[137] During the first decade of the 21st century, Oakland has consistently been listed as one of the most dangerous large cities in the United States.[138]
The number of Oakland Police Department officers has varied from a low of 626 (in 1996 and in 2012) to a high of 814 (in 2002).[131] There were 723 officers at the end of 2015.[129] The city's strategic plan recommended 925 officers, and an independent study commissioned by the city in the mid-1990s recommended 1,200 officers.[139][140][141]
Among Oakland's 35 police patrol beats, violent crime remains a serious problem in specific East and West Oakland neighborhoods. In 2008, homicides were concentrated: 72% occurred in three City Council districts, District 3 in West Oakland and Districts 6 and 7 in East Oakland, although these districts have 44% of Oakland's residents.[142]
Oakland is a majorWest Coast port, and the fifth-busiest in the United States by cargo volume.[147] ThePort of Oakland handles 99% of all containerized goods moving through Northern California, representing $41 billion worth of international trade.[148][149] There are nearly 200,000 jobs related to marine cargo transport in the Oakland area.[150] These jobs range from minimum wage hourly positions to Transportation Storage and Distribution Managers who earn an annual average salary ofUS$91,520.[151]
The Port of Oakland was an early innovator/pioneer in the technologies ofIntermodal Containerized Shipping. The city is also home to several major corporations includingKaiser Permanente,Clorox, andDreyer's ice cream.[152] Tech companies such asAsk.com andPandora Radio are in Oakland,[153] and in recent years many start-up high tech and green energy companies have found a home in the downtown neighborhoods of Uptown, City Center, Jack London Square and Lake Merritt Financial District.[154]
As of 2013[update], the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward metropolitan area has agross domestic product (GDP) ofUS$360.4 billion, ranking eighth among metropolitan areas in the United States.[155] In 2014, Oakland was amongst the best cities to start a career, the highest ranked city in California after San Francisco. Additionally, Oakland ranked fourth in cities with professional opportunities.[156] Numerous companies in San Francisco continue to expand in or migrate over to Oakland.[157]
Oakland experienced an increase of both its population and of land values in the early-to-mid first decade of the 21st century. The10k Plan, which began during former mayorElihu Harris' administration, and intensified during former mayorJerry Brown's administration resulted in several thousand units of new multi-family housing and development. In 2023, Oakland became the first American city ever to lose three professional major league sports teams to other cities within a five-year span.[80]
In 2013, over 2.5 million people visited Oakland, contributedUS$1.3 billion into the economy.[159] Oakland has been experiencing an increase in hotel demand. Occupancy is 74%, whileRevPAR (Revenue Per Available Room) increased by 14%, the highest increase of any big city in the western region of the United States.[160] Both Oakland and San Francisco were forecasted to experience the highest increases in ADR (Average daily rate).[161]
In recent years, Oakland has gained national recognition as a travel destination. In 2012,The New York Times named Oakland the top North American city to visit, highlighting its growing number of sophisticated restaurants and bars, top music venues, and increasing nightlife appeal.[162] Oakland also took the No. 16 spot in "America's Coolest Cities", ranked by metrics like entertainment options and recreational opportunities per capita, etc.[163] In 2013, Oakland topped the No. 1 spot in "America's Most Exciting Cities", notably having the most movie theaters, theater companies, and museums per square mile.[164] In "America's Most Hipster Cities", Oakland took the number-5 spot, cited for luring San Francisco "hippies" into the city.[165] Oakland has also increased its travel destination allure internationally.[166]
Oakland has a vibrant art scene and claims the highest concentration of artists per capita in the United States.[167] In 2013, Oakland was designated as one of America's top twelve art communities, recognizing Downtown (including Uptown), Chinatown, Old Oakland, and Jack London Square as communities "that have most successfully combined art, artists and venues for creativity and expression with independent businesses, retail shops and restaurants, and a walkable lifestyle to make vibrant neighborhoods."[168]
Galleries exist in various parts of Oakland, with the newest additions centered mostly in theUptown area. Oakland ranked 11th in cities for designers and artists.[169] The city is a renowned culinary hotbed, offering both a wide variety and innovative approaches to diversecuisines in restaurants and markets, often featuring locally grown produce and international styles such asFrench,Italian,Portuguese/Spanish,Ethiopian,Asian,Latin American, as well asCaribbean,Southern United States/Louisiana Creole, etc., all of which reflects the culinary traditions of the city's ethnically diverse population.
Downtown Oakland has an assortment of bars andnightclubs. They include dive bars, dance clubs, modern lounges and jazz bars. The Paramount Theater features headlining musical tours and productions, while Fox Oakland Theatre draws various musical genres includingjam bands, rock, punk, blues, jazz, and reggae. The Paramount and Fox theaters often book simultaneous events, creating busy nights uptown.[170] In 2012, Oakland was dubbed a "New Sin City", following its 2010 decision to relax its cabaret laws, which gave a boost to its nightclub and bar scene.[171]
Recent years have seen the growth of theOakland Art Murmur event, occurring in the Uptown neighborhood the first Friday evening of every month.[172] The event attracts around 20,000 people along twenty city blocks, featuring live performances, food trucks, and over 30 galleries and venues.[173][174]
Gertrude Stein wrote about Oakland in her 1937 bookEverybody's Autobiography "There is no there there", upon learning that the neighborhood where she lived as a child had been torn down to make way for anindustrial park. The quote is usually misconstrued to refer to Oakland as a whole.[175][176]
Modern-day Oakland has made steps to rebuke Stein's claim with a statue downtown titledThere. In 2005 a sculpture calledHERETHERE was installed by the City of Berkeley on the Berkeley-Oakland border at Martin Luther King Jr. Way. The sculpture consists of eight-foot-tall letters spelling "HERE" and "THERE" in front of theBART tracks as they descend from their elevated section in Oakland to the subway throughBerkeley.[177]
Oakland's former basketball team, theGolden State Warriors won the1974–75,2014–15,2016–17, and the2017–18 NBA championships, while losing in 2016 and 2019. The Warriors, whose primary owners reside in Southern California, announced in April 2014 that they would leave Oakland once their new arena was built across the Bay in San Francisco. In 2019, the Warriors built and moved toChase Center across the Bay. Since the team remained in the Bay Area, they decided not to revert to the San Francisco Warriors name it had in its first stint with the city.
TheOakland Roots SC are a professional soccer team that was formed in 2018. The Roots began play in 2019 in a new third division professional league known as theNational Independent Soccer Association, however, the team announced that it would move into the second division of US professional soccer, and play in theUSL Championship beginning in the 2021 season. The Roots play their home matches at Oakland Coliseum.
TheOakland Soul SC, a woman's professional soccer club began play in May 2023 as an expansion team in theUSL W League, a pre-professional league; they also play at the Oakland Coliseum.
Oakland's former hockey team, theCalifornia Golden Seals were a professionalice hockey club that competed in theNational Hockey League (NHL) from1967 to1976. Based in Oakland, they played their home games at theOakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena. The Seals were one of six teams added to the league as part of the1967 NHL expansion. Initially named theCalifornia Seals, the team was renamed theOakland Seals during the 1967–68 season and then theBay Area Seals in 1970 before becoming the California Golden Seals the same year.The Seals were the least successful of the teams added in the 1967 expansion, never earning a winning record and only making the playoffs twice in nine seasons of play. Off the ice, they were plagued by low attendance. The franchise was relocated prior to the beginning of the 1976–77 season to become theCleveland Barons, who would cease operation two years later.
Oakland'sultimate team,Oakland Spiders, relocated to Oakland in 2022 after playing eight years as the San Jose Spiders.
J. Mora Moss House in Mosswood Park was built in 1864 by San Francisco businessman Joseph Moravia Moss in theCarpenter Gothic style. The building houses Parks and Recreation offices and storage.
Oakland has many parks and recreation centers which total 5,937 acres (2,403 ha). In its 2013 ParkScore ranking,The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that Oakland had the 18th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[178] In 2013, Oakland ranked fourth among American cities as an urban destination for nature lovers.[179]
Oakland City Hall and central plaza in 1917. Built of framed steel with unreinforced masonry infill at a cost ofUS$2 million in 1914. The structure was the tallest building in the city until theTribune Tower was built in 1923.
Oakland has amayor-council government. The mayor is electedat-large for a four-year term. TheOakland City Council has eight council members representing seven districts in Oakland with one member elected at-large and others fromsingle-member districts; council members serve staggered four-year terms. The mayor appoints a city administrator, subject to the confirmation by the City Council, who is the city's chief administrative officer. Other city officers include:city attorney (elected), city auditor (elected), andcity clerk (appointed by city administrator).[181] Oakland's mayor is limited to two terms. There are no term limits for the city council.
Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the1989 Loma Prieta earthquake untilUS$80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was complete in 1995.[182] City offices had to be housed in leased space and other locations.
Jean Quan was elected mayor in November 2010, beatingDon Perata andRebecca Kaplan in the city's firstranked choice balloting.[183] This new system is intended to increase voters' ability to choose preferred candidates, as they can combine ranked votes when several candidates are competing.Sheng Thao, the firstHmong American mayor of a major city in the United States, took office in 2023.
Oakland was aRepublican Party bastion from the 1860s to the 1950s, with positions expressed by the Republican-orientedOakland Tribune newspaper. In the 1960s, the majority of voters began to favor liberal policies and theDemocratic Party.[185][186] Oakland has the second highest percentage of registered Democrats of any of the incorporated cities in Alameda County, with Berkeley coming in first.
The last Republican presidential candidate to receive at least one-third of vote in Oakland wasRichard Nixon in 1972. Since then, the Republican percentage of the vote has generally declined in each successive election.
According to theCalifornia Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Oakland has 245,111 registered voters. Of those, 159,771 (65.2%) are registeredDemocrats, 9,544 (3.9%) are registeredRepublicans, and 65,416 (26.7%) havedeclined to state a political party.[187] Oakland is widely regarded as being one of the most liberal major cities in the nation. TheCook Partisan Voting Index ofCongressional District 12, which includes Oakland and Berkeley, is D+40, making it the most Democratic congressional district in California and the fourth most Democratic district in the US.[188]
On November 27, 2023, the City Council unanimously passed a resolution calling for a ceasefire in Israel's war on Hamas,[189] after hearing more than 500 residents speak on the topic.[190]
TheOakland Unified School District (OUSD), which covers the city except for Sheffield Village, operates most of Oakland's public schools. Due to financial troubles and administrative failures, it was in receivership by the state of California from 2002 to 2008.[191] As of 2015[update], the Oakland Unified School District includes 86 division-run schools and 32 charter schools; the district also manages several adult education programs. As of 2015[update] there are 48,181 K–12 students; among division-run schools, there are 4,600 plus employees.[192]
OUSD test scores historically lag behind the rest of California, in particular due to a high proportion of English-language learners.[193] Some individual schools have much better performance than the citywide average. As of 2013[update], for example, over half the students at Hillcrest Elementary School in theMontclair upper hills neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the English portion of the test, and students atLincoln Elementary School in theChinatown neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the math portion.[194]
In 2017, the Oakland Unified School District has received funding from Pandora in partnership with Little Kids Rock, towards expanding music education programs within the schools. The result from these donations has given teachers from 20 additional Oakland- area schools the ability to participate in an eight-hour professional development workshop, and receive music education instruction from Little Kids Rock. The donation includes providing new instruments, that will benefit over 2,000 Oakland students.[196]
Oakland is also the home of the headquarters of theUniversity of California system, the University of California Office of the President.
In 2001, the SFSU Oakland Multimedia Center was opened, allowingSan Francisco State University to conduct classes near downtown Oakland.[197] The Oakland Higher Education Consortium and the City of Oakland's Community and Economic Development Agency (CEDA) opened the Oakland Higher Education Center downtown in 2002 to provide "access to multiple higher education service providers within a shared urban facility." Member schools include primary userCalifornia State University, East Bay as well as Lincoln University,New College of California,Saint Mary's College of California, SFSU Multimedia Studies Program, UC Berkeley Extension,University of Phoenix and Peralta Community College District.[198][199]
Oakland is served by major television stations broadcasting primarily out of San Francisco and San Jose. The region'sFoxO&O,KTVU 2, is based in (and licensed to) Oakland atJack London Square along with co-ownedMyNetworkTV outletKICU-TV 36 (licensed to San Jose). In addition, the city is served by variousAM and FM radio stations as well; AM stationsKKSF 910,KMKY 1310 andKNEW 960 are licensed to Oakland.
Oakland was served by theOakland Tribune, which published its first newspaper on February 21, 1874. TheTribune Tower, which features a large clock, is an Oakland landmark. At key times throughout the day (8:00 am, noon and 5:00 pm), the clock tower carillon plays a variety of classic melodies, which change daily. In 2007, the Oakland Tribune moved its offices from the tower to an East Oakland location, before folding in 2011.[200]
TheEast Bay Express, a locally owned free weekly paper, is based in Jack London Square and distributed throughout the East Bay.
Oaklandwiki is a thriving (mostly) English-languageLocalWiki.
Historically, the city was served by several train companies, which terminated in different terminals.Santa Fe trains terminated at its Oakland depot, actually located within the city limits of Emeryville at 40th and San Pablo.Southern Pacific trains ended at the16th Street Station.[201]Western Pacific trains ended at the 3rd and Washington station. However, a common feature was that the different railroads continued one more stop to a station atOakland Pier.[202] From this latter point passengers would ride ferries to San Francisco.
Data compiled in 2007 by theUnited States Census Bureau before gasoline price spikes in 2008, showed that 24.3% of Oaklanders used public transportation, walked or used "other means" to commute to work, not includingremote work,[203] with 17% of Oakland households being "car free" and/or statistically categorized as having "no vehicles available."[204]
Bus transit service in Oakland and the innerEast Bay is provided by the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District,AC Transit. The district originated in 1958 after the conspiratorialdissolution of theKey System of streetcars. Many AC Transit lines follow old routes of the Key System.[53]
Construction of AC Transit's Westbound 12th St station
The metropolitan area is served byBay Area Rapid Transit (BART) from eight stations in Oakland, served by all BART lines.The system has headquarters in Oakland, with major transfer hubs atMacArthur and19th Street stations. BART's headquarters was in a building above theLake Merritt BART station until 2006, when it relocated to the Kaiser Center due to seismic safety concerns.
The Oakland City Council adopted a Bicycle Master Plan in 1999 as a part of the Land Use and Transportation (LUTE) element of Oakland's 1998 General Plan. The creation of the plan was to promote alternatives to the private automobile.[206] The Oakland City Council reaffirmed the bike plan in 2005, revised it in 2007, and reaffirmed it in 2012.[207][206] From 1999 to 2007, the city installed 900 bike racks throughout Oakland, accommodating over 2,000 bicycles.[208] By the end of 2017, over 160 bikeway miles and 9,900 bike parking spaces were constructed.[209] Facilities for parking thousands of bicycles have been installed downtown and in other commercial districts throughout Oakland.[210] According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2011American Community Survey, Oakland came in seventh place out of the 100 largest cities in the nation by percentage of people that chose to commute by bike in 2011.[211]
In July 2019, the City of Oakland Department of Transportation announced that it had issued official permits for the deployment of shared e-scooters to four companies:Bird, Clevr, Lime, and Lyft.[212] Oakland requires these operators to educate users on the correct and safe use of scooters, to distribute the scooters equitably throughout the city, to ensure accessibility, and to provide insurance and indemnification.[213]
Oakland is served by several major highways: Eastbound Bay Bridge traffic entering Oakland then splits into three freeways at theMacArthur Maze freeway interchange:Interstate 580 (MacArthur Freeway) heads southeast towardHayward and eventually to theCalifornia Central Valley;Interstate 880 (Nimitz Freeway) runs south toSan Jose; and the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80/I-580) runs north, providing connections toSacramento andSan Rafael, respectively.Interstate 980 (Williams Freeway) begins its eastbound journey at I-880 in Downtown Oakland before turning intoState Route 24 (Grove Shafter Freeway) at I-580.State Route 13 begins as the Warren Freeway at I-580, and runs through a scenic valley in theMontclair District before enteringBerkeley. A stub of a planned freeway was constructed at the High Street exit from the Nimitz Freeway, but that freeway extension plan was abandoned.
At the time of the1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, theCypress Street Viaduct double-deck segment of theNimitz Freeway collapsed, killing 42 people. The old freeway segment had passed through the middle of West Oakland, forming a barrier between West Oakland neighborhoods. Following the earthquake, this section was rerouted around the perimeter of West Oakland and rebuilt in 1997–2001. The east span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also suffered damage from the quake when a 50-foot (15-m) section of the upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck; the damaged section was repaired within a month of the earthquake. As a result of Loma Prieta, a significant seismic retrofit was performed on the western span of the Bay Bridge. The eastern span has now been replaced with a dramatic single-tower self-anchoring suspension span.
Two underwater tunnels, theWebster andPosey Tubes, connect the main island of Alameda to downtown Oakland, coming above ground in Chinatown. In addition, thePark Street,Fruitvale, and High Street bridges connect Alameda to East Oakland over theOakland Estuary.
In the hills, theLeimert Bridge crosses Dimond Canyon, connecting the Oakmore neighborhood to Park Boulevard. TheCaldecott Tunnel carries Highway 24 through theBerkeley Hills, connecting central Contra Costa County to Oakland. The Caldecott has four bores.
Part of the Slow Streets Program in September 2020
On April 11, 2020, the City of Oakland launched its Slow Streets Program.[214] This was facilitated in part by the sudden decrease of vehicle traffic that resulted from the state-wide stay-at-home order and school closures in response to the spread of theCOVID-19 in California.[215] The goal of the program was to "support safe physical activity and alleviate overcrowding in parks and on trails by discouraging through traffic."[216] This was accomplished by closing 74 miles of streets to through traffic.[217]
Over the course of three months the city installed "soft closure" barriers consisting of signage, traffic cones, and barricades in over 21 miles of city streets.[214] While the primary goal at the time was to encourage socially distanced outdoor physical activities like biking, walking, and jogging, the long term implementation of the Slow Streets Program contributed to the city'straffic calming measures and promotedalternatives to car use as well.[216]
Although the Slow Streets Program was initially praised for its rapid implementation and prioritization of pedestrian safety, the Oakland Department of Transportation quickly came under fire for its failure to collect feedback that represented the opinions of the diverse range of residents whom the program affected.[217] The high engagement with online surveys by wealthy white residents initially suggested an almost universally positive reaction to the program.[218] The disproportionately low number of responses from residents of East Oakland—a largely Black and Latino and low-income area—revealed both the oversight of city officials as well as the shortcomings of urban planning systems' ability to equally benefit different social groups, which consequently perpetuates inequalities like thetransport divide.
After the flaws of the feedback forms were brought to light, city planners made concentrated efforts to meet with representatives from different community groups who in turn stressed that simply closing streets to through traffic was not enough to protect pedestrians from dangerous driving.[218] In response the city expressed its commitment to its local residents calling forroad traffic safety by rolling out Slow Streets: Essential Places, a phase of the program which installed cones and signage at dangerous traffic areas in order to make grocery stores, COVID-19 test sites, and food distribution sites easily and safely accessible.[215]
Freight service, which consists primarily of moving shipping containers to and from the Port of Oakland, is provided today byUnion Pacific Railroad (UP), and to a lesser extent byBNSF Railway (which now shares the tracks of the UP between Richmond and Oakland).
Historically, Oakland was served by several railroads. Besides the transcontinental line of the Southern Pacific, there was also the Santa Fe (whose Oakland terminal was actually in Emeryville), theWestern Pacific Railroad (who built a pier adjacent to the SP's), and theSacramento Northern Railroad (eventually absorbed by the Western Pacific, which in turn was absorbed by UP in 1983).
As one of the three major ports on theWest Coast of the United States, thePort of Oakland is the largest seaport on San Francisco Bay and the fifth busiest container port in the United States. It was one of the earliest seaports to switch to containerization and tointermodal container transfer,[219] thereby displacing thePort of San Francisco, which never modernized its waterfront. One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. In the 1980s, the Port of Oakland began the evaluation of development of an intermodal container transfer capability, i.e., facilities that now allow trans-loading of containers from vessels to either trucks or rail modes.[220]
Originating in Oakland,Kaiser Permanente is anHMO started in 1942, during World War II, by industrialistHenry J. Kaiser to provide medical care forKaiser Shipyards workers. It is the largest managed care organization in the United States and the largest non-governmental health care provider in the world.[222] It is headquartered at One Kaiser Plaza in Downtown Oakland and maintains a large medical center in thePiedmont Avenue neighborhood.
Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, an East Bay hospital system, maintains its Summit Campus in the neighborhood known as "Pill Hill" north of downtown. Until 2000, it was the Summit Medical Center before merging with Berkeley-based Alta Bates. All campuses now operate under theSutter Health network.
Alameda Health System is anintegrated publichealth care system organized as a public hospital authority. It operates five Alameda County hospitals including Oakland'sHighland Hospital and four primary care medical clinics including Oakland's Highland Wellness Center and Eastmont Wellness Center.
Children's Hospital Oakland is the primary medical center specializing inpediatrics in the East Bay. It is a designated Level I pediatric trauma center and the only independent children's hospital in Northern California.
There are also severalcommunity health centers in Oakland.[223] Some examples include Lifelong Medical Care, Asian Health Services, and Roots Community Health Center.
^The homicide rate is not the same as murder rate. Murders are a subset of homicides. In 2000, for insurance, there were 109 homicides in Oakland, of which 102 were classified as murders;[127] similarly in 2018, there were 75 homicides: 68 murders and 7 categorized asjustifiable homicides or killings in self-defense.[128]
^"Legal Briefs"(PDF). City of Oakland Office of the City Attorney. May 2002. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on September 24, 2015. RetrievedMarch 19, 2015.
^abJoseph Eugene Baker (1914).Past and present of Alameda County, California. Vol. 1. S.J. Clarke. pp. 49–51.
^Joseph Eugene Baker (1914).Past and present of Alameda County, California. Vol. 1. S.J. Clarke. p. 365.
^Armentrout Ma, L. Eve (February 27, 2015).Hometown Chinatown : the history of Oakland's Chinese community. New York.ISBN9781138862791.OCLC898926053.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Iris, Chang (March 2004).The Chinese in America : A Narrative History. New York: Penguin Books.ISBN9780142004173.OCLC55136302.
^"H.G. Prince Employees [1918]". Oakland Museum of California. Archived fromthe original on June 26, 2003.Oakland's location, where rail and water transportation meet, made it an ideal site for canneries. Shippers brought produce from all over California for canning at several large plants—including the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which developed the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company, which took over the H. G. Prince Company between 1925 and 1930. In 1943, the Oakland Tribune reported that the $100,000,000 canning industry in Oakland ranked second only to shipbuilding in value.
^"HERETHERE" (Press release). City of Berkeley, Office of Economic Development. May 19, 2005. Archived fromthe original on May 5, 2011. RetrievedJune 12, 2011.
^ab"City of Oakland – Bicycle Master Plan"(PDF). December 2007. p. 15. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on January 30, 2018. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2018.[...] creation of a Bicycle Master Plan to promote alternatives to the private automobile [...] Oakland's original plan was completed in 1999 and reaffirmed by City Council in 2005.
^Initial Study: Intermodal Interface Demonstration Project, Port of Oakland, Oakland, California, Earth Metrics and Korve Engineerning, December 20, 1989
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