 | |
 Maison de la Radio (headquarters) | |
| Type | Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial |
|---|---|
| Country | |
| Headquarters | Maison de la Radio 116, avenue du Président-Kennedy75016 Paris |
| Owner | Government of France |
Key people | Jacques-Bernard Dupont Jean-Jacques de Bresson Arthur Conte Marceau Long |
Launch date | June 27, 1964; 61 years ago (June 27, 1964) |
| Dissolved | January 5, 1975; 50 years ago (1975-01-05) |
| Affiliates | |
| Replaced | Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française |
| Replaced by | |
TheOffice de radiodiffusion-télévision française (French pronunciation:[ɔfisdəʁadjodifyzjɔ̃televizjɔ̃fʁɑ̃sɛːz];ORTF;transl. French Broadcasting and Television Office, or French Radio and Television Broadcasting Office) was the national agency charged, between 1964 and 1975, with providing public radio and television in France. All programming, especially news broadcasts, were under the strict control of the national government.[1][2]
In 1945, theprovisional French government established a public monopoly on broadcasting with the formation ofRadiodiffusion Française (RDF). This nationalisation of all private radio stations marked the beginning of a new era of state-controlled broadcasting in France. As part of its mandate, the RDF also established a441-line television station known asTélévision française. This station made use of the frequencies previously utilized by theNazi-operatedFernsehsender Paris.
In 1949, the RDF underwent a name change toRadiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) in order to reflect the organisation's growing focus on television broadcasting. By the end of the year, the RTF had begun transmitting television signals using the new819-line system, which represented a significant advancement in the technical capabilities of the medium. This development allowed for the transmission of high-quality television signals and paved the way for the widespread adoption of television in France.
In 1964, the RTF was reformed and renamed into the ORTF. The ORTF aimed to modernise the public broadcasting service in order to better satisfy the needs of the French public in terms of information, culture, education, and entertainment. Despite this goal of modernisation and an expressed commitment to meeting the diverse needs of the public, the ORTF continued to operate under a monopoly.
From the beginning, the public broadcaster experienced fierce competition from the "peripheral stations": French-speaking stations aimed at the French public but transmitting onlongwave from neighbouring countries, such asRadio Monte Carlo (RMC) fromMonaco,Radio Luxembourg (laterRTL) fromLuxembourg, andEurope 1 from Germany (exceptionally, in 1974, RMC was allowed to set up a transmitter on French territory).
In October 1967,colour television was introduced on the625-linesecond channel. In 1968,advertising was introduced on both television channels, although the'redevance audiovisuelle' (Broadcasting licence fee) remained in place.
ORTF employees participated in theMay 1968 strikes.
In 1970, during a press conference,Georges Pompidou initiated a will to modernise, affirming that information provided to the ORTF must be free from any outside influence, independent in nature, and impartial in its presentation while stressing that it remains "the voice of France whether we like it or not. "[3]
Athird television channel started broadcasting in December 1972.
Theelection ofValéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1974 prompted yet another reform. The new liberal administration considered the ORTF to be a relic of Gaullist rule. Furthermore, the ORTF's annual budget had grown to an unsustainable 2.4 billionfrancs per year (approximately €2 billion in 2022), indicative of the organization's overly centralised structure.[4] As a result, on December 31, 1974, law 74-696 (dated August 7, 1974) was implemented, splitting the ORTF into seven successor institutions:
The changes however did not go into effect until January 6, 1975. Despite the dissolution of the ORTF, the public broadcasting monopoly continued to exist until 1981.
Today only INA and Radio France exist in their original form from 1975. Both TDF and TF1 were privatised (the latter sold to theBouygues construction company) in 1987. The operations of Antenne 2 and FR3 were re-merged in the early 1990s, into a single entity known today asFrance Télévisions, which still remains under public ownership. SFP was privatized in 2001 and is now a part of Euro Média France.
The design of the ORTF logo was mostly influenced by the "three ellipses" symbol of its predecessor, with the addition of the letter "O" to create a fourth ellipse. The logo evokes both the concept ofradio waves and an image of anelectron, symbolising theAtomic Age.
The ORTF logo prominently appeared during thestartup and closedown sequences of their television channels. The opening and closing theme of the first channel was ordered by suggestion of musical advisorDaniel-Lesur, to composerJean-Jacques Grünenwald.[5]
When it was dissolved in 1975, the ORTF operated three national radio networks, 23 regional radio stations, and three television channels inMetropolitan France. Thirteen of the regional radio stations later became stations of theFrance Bleu radio network. The other 10, each of which were music only stations, becameFip. It operated an additional eight radio stations and seven television stations in theoverseas territories.
The ORTF also operated 11 regional television services that provided programming for all three channels:
The overseas stations were given to FR3 as part of the dissolution, and today form part of theLa Première network.
In 1950 the ORTF's predecessor, RTF, had been one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of theEuropean Broadcasting Union (EBU). Upon the break-up of the ORTF in 1974, French membership of the EBU was transferred to the transmission company TDF, while TF1 became a second French active member. A2, FR3, and SRF became supplementary active members before eventually becoming full members in 1982. In 1983 the French public broadcasters' membership was transferred to a joint organisation, the Organisme français de radiodiffusion et de télévision (OFRT). Nine years later, the OFRT was succeeded by the Groupement des Radiodiffuseurs Français de l’UER (GRF).[citation needed]
TF1 left the EBU in 2018. Private TV channelCanal+ served as an additional member between 1984 and 2018.
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