Oława | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Castle Square in Oława with theSobieski Castle | |
 Coat of arms | |
  Oława | |
| Coordinates:50°56′N17°18′E / 50.933°N 17.300°E /50.933; 17.300 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Oława |
| Gmina | Oława(urban gmina) |
| Established | 11th or 12th century |
| First mentioned | 1149 |
| Town rights | 1234 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Tomasz Frischmann |
| Area | |
• Total | 27.34 km2 (10.56 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 122 m (400 ft) |
| Population (2019-06-30[1]) | |
• Total | 33,029 |
| • Density | 1,194.2/km2 (3,093/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 55-200 |
| Car plates | DOA |
| Website | http://www.um.olawa.pl |
Oława (Polish pronunciation:[ɔˈwava]ⓘ,German:Ohlau,[ˈoːlaʊ]ⓘ) is a historic town in south-westernPoland with 33,029 inhabitants (2019).[2] It is situated inLower Silesian Voivodeship, within theWrocław metropolitan area. It is the seat ofOława County and of the smaller administrative district ofGmina Oława (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is an urbangmina in its own right).
Places adjacent to Oława | |
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The name of the city comes from the Polish word root el-, ol-, which in Polish lands took also the form of oła-, meaning "water". The association with water refers to the location of the settlement between two rivers: the Oder and the Oława, which are close to each other, but only connect in Wrocław, which is 27 km (17 mi) away. The location of the city between rivers, pools and forests, and at the same time in the place of crossing the Oder River, favored the creation of a market settlement of Ślęża, and later a stronghold, a town.
The locality was mentioned in the Old Polish, Latinized form of Oleva in a Latin document issued on August 12, 1201, by the chancellery ofPope Innocent III inSegni. In a document written in Latin byHenry I the Bearded from 1214, the city is mentioned under the name Olaua in the fragment Olauam et Odriczam. In a Latin document issued in Wrocław in 1269, signed by the Silesian duke Władysław of Wrocław, the town is mentioned under two names: Olawa oraz Olauia. In the Latin bookLiber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (Polish Book of Emoluments of the Bishopric of Wrocław) written in the times of Bishop Henry of Wierzbno in the years 1295–1305, the town is mentioned in the Latinized form Olavia. The town was mentioned in a Latin document from 1310, where the town was recorded as "civitati Olavia versus Nyzam".In 1613, the Polish regionalist from the region of Silesia and historian Mikołaj Henel mentioned the town in his Latin work on the geography of Śląsk (also known by the Latinized as "Silesia"), entitled Silesiographia giving two names Olavia and Olawa/Olaw.
Oława began to develop during the 11th or early 12th century at a site that was protected by the riversOder andOława, when it was part of thePiast-ruledKingdom of Poland. It was first mentioned asOloua in a document of 1149 confirmingPiotr Włostowic's donation to the abbey of St. Vincent inWrocław.[3] In 1206 Oława became one of the residential towns of the dukes of the Silesian branch of thePiast dynasty, who also granted Oława the status of a town in 1234. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, Oława at various times formed part of the duchies ofSilesia,Legnica andBrzeg.
During its history Oława was destroyed completely three times. In 1241 it was destroyed during thefirst Mongol invasion of Poland, in 1448 by theHussites, and again in 1634 during theThirty Years' War. After the Polish KingCasimir III had renounced his rights onSilesia with theTreaty of Trenčín in 1335, Silesia became until 1806 a part of theBohemian Crown, although the town remained under the rule of the PolishPiast dynasty as part of theDuchy of Legnica until 1675. In 1526, when theHabsburgs gained the Bohemian crown, Silesia came underAustrian suzerainty. In 1527 with theReformation High German language came in use and with it the first usage of the version of the town's nameOhlau is reported. Following the death of the last Silesian Piast dukeGeorge IV William of Legnica in 1675, Oława ceased to be a residence town. In spite of Habsburg political influence, in the 17th century, the town was still part of the territory dominated by thePolish language.[4] Oława found itself again under Polish rule, when Polish princeJames Louis Sobieski, son of KingJohn III Sobieski, became duke of Oława in years 1691–1737. Together with most of Silesia, the town became part of theKingdom of Prussia in 1742.
The 18th and 19th centuries were a period of economic growth and Oława (then asOhlau) became well known as a centre of tobacco-growing. In 1842 a railroad between Ohlau andWrocław, the first in Silesia, was opened. Ethnic Polish traditions and population remained strong in the area. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to theRussian Partition of Poland during theJanuary Uprising in 1863.[5] FolkoristJulius Roger noted local Polish folk songs in his 1863 work,[6] and a substantial concentration of Poles in and around the town was still noted in 1896.[7]
The historic town of Ohlau did not suffer any damage duringWorld War I, however, inWorld War II about 60% of the buildings were destroyed. On 2 September 1939, a PolishPZL.23 Karaś bomber (scout) plane bombed a German factory in the city in the first attack on German territory after the Germaninvasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II the day before. During the war, the Germans established and operated two labour subcamps of theStalag VIII-B/344prisoner-of-war camp in the town.[8] At least fivePolish resistance members were sentenced to death in the city by a German court in 1942.[9] AfterNazi Germany's defeat in the war, the town became again part of Poland.
After the war, a sizeable group ofPolish Armenians displaced fromSoviet-annexed eastern Poland settled in the town, and the first post-war mayor was Polish-Armenian Jakub Axentowicz.[10] Oława also became a garrison town of the SovietRed ArmyNorthern Group of Forces and remained so until 1992.
From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in theWrocław Voivodeship.
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The flag of Oława presents the coat of arms of Oława, on a diagonally divided white-red background.[11]
The coat of arms presents a whiterooster on a red-shield background, looking to the left. There are two traditional hypotheses for the origin of the coat of arms:
Neither hypothesis explains the look of the coat of arms in relation to Oława. The coat of arms of Oława is identical on the basis and content of theKur coat of arms.[3]
On the basis that the coat of arms of Oława is in relation to theKur coat of arms, such hypothesis can be deemed highly agreeable. The Kur coat of arms can be linked to Jan of Kur, a knight ofKonrad I of Głogów, being the owner of the village ofKurów Wielki in 1266, in thePolkowice County. The coat of arms can also be also traced back to the personage of Szyban von Der - the courtadjudicator ofHenry III of Głogów - erroneously equated to Szaban Tader, acastellan of theŚwiny Castle, mentioned in Franciszek Piekosiński's book -Heraldyka polska wieków średnich - (Heraldry of Polish Middle Ages) published inKraków, in 1899;[12] where the document is sealed with the town's coat of arms from 1300.[3]
Oława is the centre for industry and production in theOława County. The town's industries include the production of electronics (namely Electrolux Poland and Nardi Appliances), furniture and car parts.[13]
Largest industries include:
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The localfootball team isMoto Jelcz Oława [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.
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Česká Třebová, Czech Republic
Oberasbach, Germany
Priolo Gargallo, Italy
Sighetu Marmației, Romania
Zolochiv, Ukraine
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| Seat |
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| Urban-rural gmina | ||
| Rural gminas | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
