Greek and Roman mythological creature
Anymph (Ancient Greek :νύμφη romanized : nýmphē Attic Greek :[nýmpʰɛː] nymphe ) is a minor femalenature deity inancient Greek folklore . Distinct from otherGreek goddesses , nymphs are generally regarded aspersonifications of nature; they are typically tied to a specific place, landform, or tree, and are usually depicted asmaidens . Because of their association with springs, they were often seen as having healing properties;[ 1] divination andshapeshifting .[ 2] immortal .[ 3]
Nymphs are divided into variousbroad subgroups based on their habitat,[ 4] Meliae (ash tree nymphs), theDryads (oak tree nymphs), theAlseids (grove nymphs), theNaiads (spring nymphs), theNereids (sea nymphs), theOceanids (ocean nymphs), and theOreads (mountain nymphs). Other nymphs included theHesperides (evening nymphs), theHyades (rain nymphs), and thePleiades (companions ofArtemis ).
Nymphs featured inclassic works of art ,literature , andmythology . They are often attendants of goddesses and frequently occur in myths with a love motif, being the lovers of heroes and other deities.[ 4] [ 5] [ 6] Middle Ages , nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused withfairies .
TheGreek wordnýmphē nýmphē Doric andAeolic (Homeric ) form isnýmphā νύμφα [ 7]
Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting withparthenos (παρθένος kore κόρη κόρϝα Modern Greek term for "bride ".
Ancient Greek mythology [ edit ] In this 1896 painting ofHylas and the Nymphs John William Waterhouse ,Hylas is abducted by theNaiads , i.e. fresh water nymphs Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of theretinue of a god (such asDionysus ,Hermes , orPan ) or of a goddess (generally the huntressArtemis ).[ 8]
The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latingenius loci Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educatedLatin poets , the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna ,Egeria ,Carmentis ,Fontus ) while theLymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts ofLatium . Among theRoman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.[citation needed
Greek folk religion [ edit ] The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids ".[ 9] [ 10] Saint Artemius (Perhaps this saint in particular being chosen is due to a corruption of the name of the goddessArtemis . If this is the case, it would be an example of "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints").[ 11] [ 12]
Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with themedieval romances orRenaissance literature of the elusivefairies orelves .[ 13] [ 14]
The statue of a sleeping nymph in agrotto atStourhead gardens, England. A motif that entered European art during theRenaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in agrotto or spring.[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] River Danube .[ 18] forgery , but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen atneoclassical gardens such as the grotto atStourhead .[ 19] [ 20] [ 21]
All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive.[ 22] dryads hamadryads meliai ash trees .[ 22] nymphē [ 23]
By dwelling or affinity [ edit ] The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:
Type / Group / Individuals Location Relations and Notes Celestial nymphs Aurae also called Aetae or Pnoae,[citation needed daughters ofBoreas [ 24] Hesperides Far West nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of theHamadryads [ 25] •Aegle •Arethusa •Erytheia (or Eratheis) mother ofEurytion byAres [ 26] Hyades Boeotia (probably) daughters of Atlas by eitherPleione orAethra [ 27] Pleiades daughters of Atlas and Pleione;[ 28] Oreads •Maia Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia partner ofZeus and mother of Hermes[ 29] •Electra Mt. Saon, Samothrace mother ofDardanus andIasion by Zeus[ 30] •Taygete Taygetos Mts., Laconia mother ofLacedaemon by Zeus[ 31] •Alcyone Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia mother ofHyperes andAnthas byPoseidon [ 32] •Celaeno Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea mother ofLycus andNycteus by Poseidon[ 33] •Asterope Pisa, Elis mother of Oenomaus by Ares[ 34] •Merope Corinth wife of Sisyphus and mother of Glaucus[ 35] Nephele daughters ofOceanus [ 36] Tethys [ 37] Aither [ 38] Land nymphs Alseides [ 39] Auloniades [ 40] Leimonides (meadows)[ 41] Napaeae [ 42] Oreads , also Orodemniades Wood and plant nymphs Anthousai (flower nymphs)[ 43] Dryades Hamadryades Hadryades Daphnaeae laurel tree)Epimeliades Epimelides (apple tree; also protected flocks)other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs) Kissiae (ivy )Meliae ash tree )born from the drops of blood that fell onGaia whenCronus castratedUranus [ 44] Hyleoroi (watchers of woods)Water nymphs (Hydriades or Ephydriades )Haliae (sea and seashores)Nereids Mediterranean Sea 50 daughters ofNereus andDoris [ 45] Naiads , NaidesCrinaeae 3.Limnades ,Limnatides (lakes)4.Pegaeae (springs)5.Potameides (rivers)Oceanids daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,[ 46] List of Oceanids Underworld nymphs •Orphne Hades is a representation of the darkness of the riverStyx , the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself nor withNyx , goddess of night, despite being associated with both. She is theconsort ofAcheron , (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother ofAscalaphus , (theorchardist of Hades).[ 47] •Leuce (white poplar tree) daughter of Oceanus and lover ofHades [ 48] •Melinoe Orphic nymph, daughter ofPersephone and "Zeus disguised asPluto ".[ 49] Hecate .•Minthe (mint ) Cocytus River probably a daughter ofCocytus , lover ofHades and rival ofPersephone [ 50] [ 51] Other nymphs Lampades torch bearers in the retinue ofHecate [ 52] Hecaterides (rustic dance)daughters ofHecaterus by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of theDactyls and mothers of the Oreads and theSatyrs [ 53] Kabeirides daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of theKabeiroi [ 54] Hephaestus andCabeiro [ 55] Maenads Bacchai orBacchantes frenzied nymphs in the retinue ofDionysus Lenai (wine-press)Limnakides translated by Vian as "marsh nymphs" (Nymphes des Marais ); older editions render their name asLimnaioi orLeimakides [ 56] Mimallones (music)Thyiai Thyiades (thyrsus bearers)Melissae (honey)likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides
The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).
Groups and Individuals Location Relations and Notes Aeaean Nymphs Aeaea Islandhandmaidens ofCirce Aegaeides Aegaeus River on the island ofScheria Aesepides Aesepus River inAnatolia •Abarbarea Acheloides Achelous River inAcarnania •Callirhoe , second wife ofAlcmaeon Acmenes Stadium inOlympia ,Elis Amnisiades Amnisos River on the island ofCrete entered the retinue ofArtemis Anigrides Anigros River inElis believed to cure skin diseases Asopides Asopus River inSicyonia andBoeotia •Aegina Island ofAegina mother ofMenoetius byActor , andAeacus by Zeus •Asopis •Chalcis Chalcis ,Euboea regarded as the mother of theCuretes andCorybantes ; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea •Cleone Cleonae , Argosone of the daughters ofAsopus •Combe Island of Euboea consort ofSocus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes •Corcyra Island ofCorcyra mother ofPhaiax by Poseidon •Euboea Island of Euboea abducted by Poseidon; perhaps the same as Chalcis and Combe above •Harpina Pisa, Elis mother ofOenomaus byAres •Ismene Ismenian spring ofThebes , Boeotia wife ofArgus , eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother ofArgus Panoptes andIasus . •Nemea Nemea ,Argolis others called her the daughter of Zeus andSelene •Oeroe orPlataia Plataea , Boeotiacarried off by Zeus •Ornea Ornia, Sicyon •Peirene Corinth others called her father to beOebalus orAchelous by Poseidon she became the mother ofLecheas and Cenchrias •Salamis Island ofSalamis mother ofCychreus by Poseidon •Sinope Sinope ,Anatolia mother ofSyrus byApollo •Tanagra Tanagra , Boeotiamother ofLeucippus and Ephippus byPoemander •Thebe Thebes, Boeotia wife ofZethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus •Thespeia Thespia , Boeotiaabducted by Apollo Astacides Lake Astacus,Bithynia appeared in the myth ofNicaea •Nicaea Nicaea , BithyniaAsterionides Asterion River ,Argos daughters of the river godAsterion ; nurses of the infant goddessHera •Acraea •Euboea •Prosymna Carian Naiades (Caria ) Caria •Salmacis Halicarnassus, Caria Nymphs ofCeos Island of Ceos Corycian Nymphs (Corycian Cave )Corycian cave ,Delphi ,Phocis daughters of the river godPleistos •Kleodora (or Cleodora) Mt. Parnassus , Phocismother of Parnassus by Poseidon •Corycia Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis mother ofLycoreus byApollo •Daphnis Mt. Parnassus , Phocis•Melaina Dephi, Phocis mother ofDelphos byApollo Cydnides RiverCydnus inCilicia Cyrenaean Nymphs City ofCyrene, Libya Cyprian Nymphs Island ofCyprus Cyrtonian Nymphs Town of Cyrtone,Boeotia Κυρτωνιαι Deliades Island ofDelos daughters ofInopus , god of the river Inopus Dodonides Oracle atDodona Erasinides Erasinos River, Argos daughters of the river godErasinos ; attendants of the goddessBritomartis . •Anchiroe • Byze •Maera •Melite Nymphs of the riverGranicus River Granicus daughters of the river-god Granicus •Alexirhoe mother of Aesacus by Priam •Pegasis mother of Atymnios by Emathion Heliades RiverEridanos daughters ofHelios who were changed into trees Himeriai Naiades Local springs at the town ofHimera ,Sicily Hydaspides Hydaspes River , Indianurses of infantZagreus Idaean Nymphs Mount Ida , Cretenurses of infantZeus •Ida •Adrasteia Inachides Inachos River , Argosdaughters of the river godInachus •Io mother ofEpaphus by Zeus •Amymone •Philodice wife ofLeucippus ofMessenia by whom she became the mother ofHilaeira ,Phoebe and possiblyArsinoe •Messeis •Hyperia •Mycene wife ofArestor and by him probably the mother ofArgus Panoptes ; eponym ofMycenae Ionides Kytheros River inElis daughters of the river god Cytherus •Calliphaea •Iasis •Pegaea •Synallaxis Ithacian Nymphs Local springs and caves on the island ofIthaca Ladonides Ladon RiverLamides or Lamusides Lamos River inCilicia possible nurses of infantDionysus Leibethrides MountsHelicon and Leibethrios inBoeotia ; or Mount Leibethros inThrace ) •Libethrias •Petra Lelegeides Lycia ,Anatolia Lycaean Nymphs MountLycaeus nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides Melian Nymphs Island ofMelos transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs Mycalessides MountMycale inCaria ,Anatolia Mysian Nymphs Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios inBithynia who abductedHylas •Euneica •Malis •Nycheia Naxian Nymphs Mount Drios on the island ofNaxos nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with theHyades •Cleide •Coronis •Philia Neaerides Thrinacia Islanddaughters ofHelios andNeaera , watched over Helios' cattle Nymphaeides Nymphaeus River inPaphlagonia Nysiads MountNysa nurses of infantDionysos , identified withHyades Ogygian Nymphs Island ofOgygia four handmaidens ofCalypso Ortygian Nymphs Local springs ofSyracuse ,Sicily named for the island ofOrtygia Othreides MountOthrys a local group ofHamadryads Pactolides Pactolus River•Euryanassa wife ofTantalus Pelionides MountPelion nurses of theCentaurs Phaethonides a synonym for theHeliades Phaseides Phasis RiverRhyndacides Rhyndacus River inMysia daughters of the river godRhyndacus Sithnides Fountain at the town ofMegara Spercheides RiverSpercheios one of them, Diopatra, was loved byPoseidon and the others were changed by him into trees Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides MountCithaeron Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids River Tagus in Portugal and Spain Thessalides Peneus River inThessaly Thriae MountParnassos prophets and nurses ofApollo Trojan Nymphs Local springs ofTroy
The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.
Individual names of some of the nymphs Names Location Relations and Notes Alphesiboea India loved by Dionysus[ 57] Aora Crete eponym of the town Aoros inCrete [ 58] Areia daughter ofCleochus and mother ofMiletus by Apollo[ 59] Axioche orDanais Elis mother ofChrysippus byPelops [ 60] [ 61] Brettia Mysia eponym of Abrettene,Mysia [ 62] Brisa brought up the god Dionysus[ 63] Calybe Troy mother ofBucolion ,Laomedon [ 64] Carmentis or CarmentaArcadia She had a son withHermes , calledEvander . Her son was the founder ofPallantium , one of the cities that was merged later intoancient Rome .[ 65] Chalcea mother of Olympus by Zeus[ 66] Chania a lover ofHeracles Chariclo Thebes mother ofTiresias byEveres [ 67] Charidia mother ofAlchanus by Zeus[ 66] Chryse Lemnos fell in love withPhiloctetes [ 68] Cirrha Phocis eponym ofCirrha inPhocis [ 69] Clymene mother of Tlesimenes byParthenopaeus [ 70] Cretheis briefly mentioned inSuda [ 71] Crimisa Italy eponym ofa city in Italy[ 72] Deiopea one ofHera's nymphs who was promised toAeolus [ 73] Dodone Dodona eponym of Dodona[ 74] Echemeia Cos spelled "Ethemea" byHyginus , consort ofMerops [ 75] Eidothea Mt. Othrys mother by Eusiros ofCerambus [ 76] Eunoë Phrygia possible mother ofHecuba byDymas [ 77] Eunoste Boeotia(possibly) nurse ofEunostus [ 78] Euryte Athens mother ofHalirrhothius by Poseidon[ 79] Harmonia Akmonian Wood, nearThemiscyra mother of theAmazons byAres [ 80] [ 81] Hegetoria Rhodes consort ofOchimus [ 82] Hemera mother of Iasion by Zeus Himalia Rhodes mother ofCronius ,Spartaios , andCytos by Zeus[ 83] Hyale belongs to the train of Artemis[ 84] Hyllis Argos possible eponym of the tribe Hylleis and the city Hylle[ 85] Idaea Crete mother of Cres[ 86] [ 66] Idaea Mt. Ida, Troad mother ofTeucer byScamander [ 87] Ithome Messenia one of the nurses of Zeus[ 88] Laodice Argolis(possibly) mother of Apis byPhoroneus [citation needed Leucophryne Magnesia(possibly) priestess of Artemis Leucophryne Lotis pursued by Priapus and was changed into a tree that bears her name[ 89] Ma nymph in the suite of Rhea who nursed Zeus Melanippe Attica(possibly) marriedItonus , son ofAmphictyon [ 90] Melissa Crete nurse of Zeus[ 91] Mendeis Thrace consort ofSithon [ 92] Menodice daughter of Orion and mother ofHylas byTheiodamas [ 93] Methone Pieria mother ofOeagrus by KingPierus of Emathia [ 94] Myrmex Attica beloved companion ofAthena whom she turned into an ant[ 95] Nacole Phrygia eponym of Nacoleia in Phrygia[ 96] Neaera Thrinacia mother of Lampetia and Phaethusa by Helios[ 97] Neaera mother of Aegle by Zeus[citation needed Neaera Lydia mother ofDresaeus byTheiodamas [ 98] Nymphe Samothrace mother ofSaon by Zeus[ 99] Oeneis mother of Pan by Hermes[ 100] Oenoe Sicinus mother ofSicinus byThoas [ 101] Olbia Bithynia mother ofAstacus by Poseidon[ 102] Paphia possibly the mother ofCinyras byEurymedon [ 103] Pareia Paros mother of four sons byMinos [ 104] Polydora one of theDanaïdes [ 105] Pyronia mother of Iasion by Minos Psalacantha Icaria changed into a plant by Dionysus[ 106] Rhene Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia consorted withOileus [ 107] Semestra Thrace nurse ofKeroessa [ 108] Teledice Argolis(possibly) a consort of Phoroneus[ 109] Thalia Sicily mother of thePalici by Zeus[ 110] Thisbe Boeotia eponym of the town of Thisbe[ 111] Tithorea Mt. Parnassus, Phocis eponym of the town of Tithorea (previously called Neon)[ 112]
In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology [ edit ] A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by
Angelica Kauffman (about 1780, V&A Museum no. 23–1886)
Young
oread , on German porcelain plate (late 19th century)
^ Larson 2001 , p. 5.^ Larson 2001 , p. 11, 71.^ Brill's New Pauly ^a b Grimal 1996 , pp. 313–314.^ Larson 2001 , p. 4.^ Parad, Carlos; Förlag, Maicar (1997)."Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology: Nymphs" . Astrom Editions. Retrieved25 May 2019 . ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" .etymonline.com .^ Larson, Jennifer (1997). "Handmaidens of Artemis?".The Classical Journal .92 (3):249– 257.JSTOR 3298110 . ^ Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910).Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . ^ Lee, D. Demetracopoulou (1936)."Folklore of the Greeks in America" Folklore .47 (3):294– 310.doi :10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718647 .JSTOR 1256865 . ^ "Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", asTerrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", inProgress in Religion to the Christian Era 1922:107. ^ Tomkinson, John L. (2004).Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. chapter 3.ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6 ^ Kready, Laura (1916).A Study of Fairy Tales ^ Briggs, Katharine Mary (1976). "Euphemistic names for fairies".An Encyclopedia of Fairies ISBN 0-394-73467-X ^ "The Nymph of the Spring" .National Gallery of Art . Retrieved23 September 2016 .^ Stephen John Campbell (2004).The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella D'Este 95– 6.ISBN 978-0-300-11753-0 ^ Maryan Wynn Ainsworth; Joshua P. Waterman; Dorothy Mahon (2013).German Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1350-1600 95– 6.ISBN 978-1-58839-487-3 ^ Jay A. Levenson; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991).Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration ISBN 978-0-300-05167-4 ^ Leonard Barkan (1999).Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture 237– 8.ISBN 978-0-300-08911-0 ^ Elisabeth B. MacDougall (January 1994).Fountains, Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 37– 56.ISBN 978-0-88402-216-9 ^ Kenneth Gross (1992).The Dream of the Moving Statue 170 –175.ISBN 978-0-8014-2702-2 ^a b Rose, Herbert Jennings (1959).A Handbook of Greek Mythology 173 .ISBN 978-0-525-47041-0 {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ Hard, p. 210. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , 1.683 ff.^ Diodorus Siculus , 4.26.2^ Stesichorus ,Geryoneis Frag S8^ Hyginus ,Fabulae ^ Apollodorus , 3.10.1^ Hesiod ,Theogony ^ Apollodorus, 3.12.1 ^ Hyginus ,Fabulae ^ Pausanias , 2.30.8^ Apollodorus, 3.10.1 ^ Hyginus,Fabulae ^ Hyginus,Astronomica 2.21 ^ Aristophanes ,Clouds 264^ Orphic Hymn 22^ Aristophanes,Clouds 563 ^ Homer,Iliad ^ Montanari, s.v. αὐλωνιάς, p. 338;Orphic Hymns ^ Malkin, Irad (2016). "Nymphs".Oxford Classical Dictionary doi :10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4487 .ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5 ^ Statius,Thebaid 9.385 ^ Philostratus the Elder ,Imagines ^ Hesiod ,Theogony ^ Hesiod,Theogony 240–262 ^ Hesiod,Theogony 365–366 ^ Ovid,Metamorphoses 5.539 ff ^ Servius ,Commentary onVirgil's Aeneid 7.61^ Orphic Hymn 71^ Oppian , Halieutica 3.485 ff^ Strabo, 8.3.14 ^ Scholia minora onHomer 'sIliad Alcman ,fr. 63 Campbell, pp. 438, 439 = fr. 63PMG ^ Strabo, 10.3.19 ^ Acusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, 10.3.21 ^ Strabo, 10.3.21 citingPherecydes ^ Vian, commentary on line 646, p. 120;Orphic Argonautica ^ Pseudo-Plutarch ,De fluviis 24 ^ Stephanus of Byzantium ,Ethnica s.v.Aōros ^ Apollodorus,3.1.2 ^ Scholia onEuripides ,Orestes , 4; onPindar ,Olympian Ode 1.144^ Plutarch ,Parallela minora 33 ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v.Abrettēnē ^ Schol. adPers. Sat. i. 76. ^ Apollodorus,3.12.3 ^ "Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.1" .^a b c Pseudo-Clement ,Recognitions ^ Apollodorus,3.6.7 ^ Sophocles ,Philoctetes 1327 ^ Pausanias ,10.37.5 ^ Hyginus ,Fabulae 71 ^ Suida , s.v.Kretheus ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v.Krimisa ^ Virgil ,Aeneid ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.Dodone ^ Hyginus ,Astronomica 2.16.2 ^ Antoninus Liberalis , 22 vsCerambus ^ Scholia on Homer'sIliad 16. 718 withPherecydes as the authority ^ Plutarch ,Quaestiones Graecae 40 ^ Apollodorus,3.14.2 ^ "Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2" .^ "ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2" .^ Diodorus Siculus ,5.57.7 ^ Diodorus Siculus,5.55.5 ^ Ovid ,Metamorphoses 3.155 ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.Hylleis ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.Krētē ^ Apollodorus,3.12.1 ^ Pausanias,4.33.1 ^ Ovid ,Fasti 1.416 &1.423 ;Metamorphoses 9.347 ^ Pausanias,9.1.1 ^ Lactantius ,Divine Institutes 1.22.3 ^ Conon ,Narrations 10^ Hyginus ,Fabulae 14 ^ Of the Origin of Homer and Hesiod and their Contest, Fragment 1. ^ William Smith .A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology Myrmex ^ Suida, s.v.Nakoleia ^ Homer ,Odyssey ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , 1.290–291^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus ,Antiquitates Romanae 1.61.3 ^ Scholiast adTheocritus , 1.3 ^ Apollonius Rhodius ,Argonautica ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.Astakos ^ Scholia onPindar ,Pythian Ode 2.28 ^ Apollodorus,3.1.2 ^ Antoninus Liberalis ,32 ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion ,New History 5 inPhotius ,Myrobiblion 190^ Homer ,Iliad ^ "Dionysius of Byzantium, Anaplous of the Bosporos, §24" .^ Apollodorus,2.1.1 ^ Macrobius ,Saturnalia 5.19.15^ Pausanias,9.32.3 ^ Pausanias,10.32.9 Burkert, Walter (1985).Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9 Brill's New Pauly : Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 9ISBN 9004122729 Campbell, David A.,Greek Lyric, Volume II: Anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympus to Alcman ,Loeb Classical Library No. 143, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Harvard University Press , 1988.ISBN 978-0-674-99158-3 Online version at Harvard University Press .Internet Archive . Grimal, Pierre (1996).The Dictionary of Classical Mythology . Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1 Hard, Robin,The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology" , London and New York, Routledge, 2004.ISBN 020344633X doi :10.4324/9780203446331 . Larson, Jennifer (2001).Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore . New York:Oxford University Press .ISBN 978-0-19-514465-9 Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910).Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 131. Montanari, Franco,The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek , edited by Madeleine Goh and Chad Schroeder, Leiden, Brill, 2015.ISBN 978-90-04-19318-5 Page, Denys Lionel, Sir ,Poetae Melici Graeci , Oxford University Press, 1962.ISBN 978-0-198-14333-8 Philostratus the Elder ,Imagines Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions , translated byArthur Fairbanks ,Loeb Classical Library No. 256, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Harvard University Press , 1931.ISBN 978-06-749-9282-5 Harvard University Press .Ricciardelli, Gabriella,Inni Orfici , Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2000.ISBN 978-8-804-47661-0 Tomkinson, John L. (2004).Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis.ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6 Vian, Francis,Les Argonautiques orphiques ,Collection Budé Les Belles Lettres , 2003.ISBN 978-2-251-00389-4
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