The termNuyorican arose in the mid-1960s, used by Puerto Ricans entering the United States following World War II, and gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s.[3] This term is also used to refer to theSpanish spoken by New York Puerto Ricans. An estimated 1,800,000 Nuyoricans are said to live in New York City, the largest Puerto Rican community outside Puerto Rico. Nuyoricans are not considered Puerto Ricans by some island Puerto Ricans due to cultural differences, which remains a point of controversy among both groups of Puerto Ricans.[4] Despite the controversial label of “Nuyorican” the histories of New York, and Puerto Rico are undeniably intertwined. For example, thePuerto Rican flag was created in 1895 New York by Juan de Mata Terreforte along with 59 other exiledindependistas.[5] Nuyorican has a broad meaning; originally it meant Puerto Ricans, both island-born and mainland-born, living in New York, but many island-born Puerto Ricans use the term to describe assimilated Americans of Puerto Rican descent living in any US state, or very assimilated people of Puerto Rican ancestry who may be more culturally aligned with African Americans, though still identifying as Puerto Rican.[6]Ethnic enclaves centered on Puerto Ricans includeSpanish Harlem,Manhattan;Williamsburg,Brooklyn;Bushwick, Brooklyn; and theSouth Bronx.
Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York andNew Jersey primarily due to economic and cultural considerations,[7][8] topped by another surge of arrivals afterHurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017. Consequently, the New York City metropolitan area has witnessed a significant increase in people of Puerto Rican descent, increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016,[9] maintaining New York's status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outsideSan Juan.
TheOxford English Dictionary cites this word as evolving slowly through roughly the last third of the 20th century, with the first cited reference being poet Jaime Carrero usingneorriqueño in 1964 as aSpanish-language adjective combiningneoyorquino andpuertorriqueño. Many other variants developed along the way, includingneoricano,neorican (also written asNeo-Rican andNeorican), andnewyorican (also written asNew Yorrican).Nuyorican itself dates at least from 1975, the date of the first public sessions of theNuyorican Poets Café. Some of the best known "Nuyoricans" who have written and performed their experiences of being a Puerto Rican in New York are:Miguel Piñero,Miguel Algarín,Piri Thomas,Sandra María Esteves,Willie Colón,Pedro Pietri, andGiannina Braschi.[10] Some of the newer poets includeWillie Perdomo, Flaco Navaja,Nancy Mercado,Emanuel Xavier,Edwin Torres, J.L. Torres,Caridad de la Luz aka La Bruja,Lemon Andersen, and Bonafide Rojas.[11]
Historically, the term has been used as a derogatory term by native Puerto Ricans when describing a person that has Puerto Rican ancestry but is born outside of Puerto Rico.[12] It also can sometimes include those born in Puerto Rico who now live elsewhere in the United States (other than New York). This changed from the original meaning with the increase in travel back and forth to different parts of the United States and the globe. The definition includes those born in New York who have moved to Puerto Rico as well.[13]
The term is used by some members of this community to identify their history and cultural affiliation to a common ancestry while being separated from the island, both physically and through language and cultural shifts. This distance created a dual identity that, while still somewhat identifying with the island, recognizes the influences both geography and cultural assimilation have had.[14] Puerto Ricans in other cities have coined similar terms, including "Philly Rican" for Puerto Ricans inPhiladelphia, and "Chi-Town Rican" for Puerto Ricans inChicago.
Many Nuyoricans are second- and third-generation Puerto Rican living in mainland USA whose parents or grandparents arrived in theNew York metropolitan area during theGran Migración (Great Migration). Puerto Ricans began to arrive in New York City in the nineteenth century but especially following the passage of theJones-Shafroth Act on March 2, 1917, which granted U.S. citizenship to virtually all Puerto Ricans.[15] TheGran Migración accelerated migration from Puerto Rico to New York during the 1940s and 1950s, but such large-scale emigration began to slow by the late 1960s.[16] Due to this large scale immigration there is a huge Puerto Rican influence that can be felt throughout New York. For instance along with African Americans, Puerto Ricans have had a major influence on popular genres of music such as Hip-Hop,[17] which is a genre of music originating out of the inner city neighborhoods of New York. Another significant contribution is the infamousPuerto Rican Day Parade which has its origins in 1958 Spanish Harlem.[18]
In 2000, the Puerto Rican population of New York was over 1,050,000.[19] As of the 2010 census, Puerto Ricans represented 8.9 percent of New York City alone (32% of the city's Hispanic community), and 5.5% of New York State as a whole.[20] Of over a million Puerto Ricans in the state, about 70% are present in New York City, with the remaining portion spreading increasingly within the city's suburbs and other major cities throughout New York State. Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York andNew Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations,[7][21] topped by another surge of arrivals afterHurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 – consequently, theNew York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed a significant increase in its Nuyorican population, individuals in the region of Puerto Rican descent, increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016.[9]
Historically, Nuyoricans resided in the predominantlyHispanic/Latino section ofUpper Manhattan known asSpanish Harlem, and around theLoisaida section of theEast Village, but later spread across the city into newly created Puerto Rican/Nuyorican enclaves inBrooklyn,Queens, and theSouth Bronx. Today, there are fewer island-born Puerto Ricans than mainland-born Puerto Ricans in New York City. Even though Puerto Ricans are one of the most prevalent ethnic groups in New York City, Americans weren’t always so welcoming to their Nuyrorican neighbors. Aside from the racism that Puerto Rican migrants experienced upon moving into theTri-state area,[22] the U.S government ran a series ofeugenicist campaigns throughout the first half of the 20th century known today as La Operación aimed at decreasing the Puerto Rican population on both the Island, and within the states (especially New York).[23] Under these campaigns countless Puerto Rican women were sterilized after being pressured from health care providers or even without their consent. Due to the effectiveness of this campaign its estimated that by 1956, 1 in 3 Puerto Rican women were sterilized.[24]
Nuyoricans have made breakthrough contributions in government, science, law, culture, and the humanities, including those who have broken records, significantly impacted U.S.pop culture, won landmark cases that changed laws, or have been recognized by national awards.
Herman Badillo – Late U.S. representative from New York State
Jean-Michel Basquiat – Artist, whose paintingUntitled (1982) sold for $110.5 million in 2017, a new record high for an American artist at auction.[28][29]
Jennifer Lopez – performing artist, entrepreneur, and founder ofNuyorican Productions, madeForbes list of most powerful entertainers, with annual earnings in excess of US$52 million.[37]
Ricky Vega – Former World Champion Professional Wrestler
Rita Moreno – first Hispanic woman to receive an Oscar, and was an actress, singer and dancer.
Antonio Pagán – late and first openly gay male and Puerto Rican elected to the New York City Council, serving from 1994 through 1998; former New York City Commissioner of Small Businesses (1998–2002)[41]
^Kosuzu, Abe (7 January 2008). "Identities and Racism of Puerto Rican Migrants in New York City".Transforming anthropology.14 (1):83–88 – via AnthroSource.
^Lopez, Iris (1993). "Agency And Constraint: Sterilization And Reproductive Freedom Among Puerto Rican Women In New York City".Urban anthropology and studies of cultural systems and world economic development.22:299–323.
^"Marc Anthony Scores Guinness World Record".Billboard. Archived fromthe original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved2020-11-02.The Latin superstar was awarded the title of the solo artist with most year-end best-selling albums on the Tropical Albums chart.
^"About Giannina Braschi: Academy of American Poets".poets.org. Academy of American Poets. Retrieved2020-11-02.Her literary works include the Postmodern poetry classic Empire of Dreams and Yo-Yo Boing! credited with being the first novel to be written in Spanglish.
^"Jennifer Lopez".Forbes. Retrieved2020-11-02.The Latina performer may be the most powerful entertainer on the planet. She raked in an estimated $52 million last year with projects in almost every corner of the industry (fragrance, clothing lines, film and television).
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