Nuala Fennell | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Fennell in 1983 | |
| Minister of State | |
| 1983–1987 | Justice |
| 1982–1987 | Taoiseach |
| Teachta Dála | |
| In office June 1989 – November 1992 | |
| In office June 1981 – February 1987 | |
| Constituency | Dublin South |
| Senator | |
| In office 25 April 1987 – 15 June 1989 | |
| Constituency | Labour Panel |
| In office 20 February 1987 – 25 April 1987 | |
| Constituency | Nominated by the Taoiseach |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fionnuala Campbell (1935-11-25)25 November 1935 Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 11 August 2009(2009-08-11) (aged 73) Dublin, Ireland |
| Political party | Fine Gael |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Trinity College Dublin |
Nuala Fennell (née Campbell; 25 November 1935 – 11 August 2009) was an IrishFine Gael politician andfeminist activist. In the 1970s, Fennell became a significant figure in Ireland's women's movement, co-founding various organisations advocating for women's rights, including theWomen's Political Association and Action, Information and Motivation (AIM). Fennell played a pivotal role in the establishment of Ireland's first women's refuge and was a strong advocate for legal reforms concerning family law and women's equality. In 1981, she becameFine GaelTeachta Dála (TD) for theDublin South, a seat she would hold until 1987 and regain from 1989 to 1992. She also served as aSenator from 1987 to 1989.[1]
During her time as a TD, she held the position of Minister of State for Women's Affairs and Family Law. Throughout her career, Fennell was known for her pragmatic approach to political change, striving for legislative progress to improve women's rights in Ireland. Her achievements during her time as a Minister of State include abolishing the legal status ofillegitimacy in Ireland. A firm advocate for the legalisation of divorce, she campaigned heavily in the1986 referendum on Divorce but was unable to win over the public.
Born Fionnuala Campbell in northCounty Dublin on 25 November 1935, the third eldest child of Patrick Campbell, from the rural east County Galway area of Lisheennavannoge, one of the earliestGarda recruits, and his wife Elizabeth (née Roberts), fromGlasnevin, Dublin. Fennell had two sisters and three brothers.[2] She met her future husband, Brian Fennell, at the Templeogue Tennis Club, and they emigrated in 1957 toMontreal, Canada, where they were both employed by the Sun Life Company. The couple returned to Dublin and were married in 1958. Fennell took up secretarial employment in a legal firm in Dublin, at a time when married women were frowned upon for working. The couple had three children.[2]
In 1970, Nuala Fennell began writing articles on marriage, careers, and education for women. Her work appeared in the women's pages of theIrish Press andEvening Press, and she also contributed features forRTÉ. Through this work, she came into contact with a group of feminist journalists, includingMary Kenny, Mary McCutchan, Mary Anderson,Nell McCafferty andJune Levine. Encouraged by Kenny, Fennell joined the newly foundedIrish Women's Liberation Movement (IWLM) later that year.[2]
The IWLM's manifesto,Chains or Change?: the civil wrongs of Irish women (1971), highlighted the discrimination faced by women under the Irish constitution and had a significant impact on Fennell. However, internal divisions soon emerged within the IWLM. Following the departure of Mary Kenny to London, Fennell became disillusioned with the organisation, viewing it as increasingly left-wing and confrontational.[2] Fennell was critical of the anti-male rhetoric espoused by some of her new mentors, viewing the contraceptive train protest as histrionic, and saw herself as a social reformer focused on addressing political institutions rather than engaging in public demonstrations. She resigned from the IWLM in October 1971,[3] issuing a public resignation letter condemning "the elitist and intolerant group that is using women’s liberation as a pseudo-respectable front for their own various political ends, ranging from opposition to the Forcible Entry Bill to free sedatives for neurotic elephants".[4]
It was also in 1971 that Fennell co-founded theWomen's Political Association, a non-partisan organisation focused on increasing women's representation in Irish politics.
After leaving the IWLM, Fennell was contacted by Dana Davis, editor ofWoman’s Choice magazine. Together, they organised a meeting with Deirdre McDevitt, Bernadette Quinn, Máire Humphreys, Joan O'Brien, and Anne McAllister. From this meeting,Action, Information and Motivation (AIM) was established, a pressure group campaigning for women's equality in marriage. AIM was formally launched on 11 January 1972 at Brian Fennell's office on Clarendon Street, Dublin.[2] At a time when Irish women had limited legal protection in marriage, AIM campaigned on four key issues: enforceable maintenance, equal rights to the family home, attachment of earnings, and access to free legal aid.[2]
The general election of 1973 brought a Fine Gael–Labour coalition to power, which was more receptive to addressing women's rights.Frank Cluskey,Minister of State for Social Welfare, arranged for child benefit to be paid directly to mothers and shortened the waiting time for deserted wives seeking an allowance. Justice MinisterPatrick Cooney and Attorney GeneralDeclan Costello also engaged with AIM and committed to introducing free legal aid and reforms in family law.[2]
In 1973, Fennell founded a support group for deserted wives, ADAPT. The following year, she published a short book entitledIrish marriage – how are you!, which included chapters such as "Wife-beating – a husband's prerogative?", drawing from letters she had received from women during her work with AIM and her journalism.[2]
In 1974, Fennell was moved by theBBC documentaryScream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear, which documented Irish women who fled to Britain to escape domestic violence. In response, she wrote a public letter toThe Irish Times (1 March 1974) appealing for support to establish a women's refuge in Ireland. Within two weeks, she organised a meeting at Buswell’s Hotel, and a committee was formed. Along withMary Banotti and Susan Donnelly, Fennell travelled to London to meet Erin Pizzey, founder of the Chiswick Women's Aid centre. Following a fundraising appeal and with the assistance of businessman Joe McMenamin, who provided a house near Harcourt Street, Dublin, Ireland's first women's refuge was established. Within weeks, over fifty women and children sought shelter there.[5] This initiative becameIrish Women's Aid, with Fennell serving as its first chair.
Around this time, Fennell also became an executive member of theCouncil for the Status of Women, further strengthening her role in the Irish women's movement.[2] She was also involved in the 1975 campaign advocating for the right to divorce in Ireland.[6]
At the1977 general election, Fennell stood as an independent candidate for theDublin County South constituency. Although she was not elected, she polled well among voters, and her campaign brought her to the attention ofFine Gael, particularlyGarret FitzGerald.[2]
In 1979, following the introduction of direct elections to theEuropean Parliament, Fennell contested the Dublin constituency as a Fine Gael candidate but was unsuccessful. The following year, alongside Deirdre McDevitt and Bernadette Quinn, she publishedCan You Stay Married? (1980), a self-help guide for women drawing from her work with AIM. The book offered practical advice on legal action within marriage and life after separation.
Fennell was elected toDáil Éireann at the1981 general election as a Fine Gael TD forDublin South.[5] A coalition government was formed between Fine Gael and theLabour Party under Garret FitzGerald, but it fell within months. A subsequent election in February 1982 resulted in a short-livedFianna Fáil government underCharles Haughey. Following another election in November 1982, Fine Gael returned to government in coalition with Labour. Fennell retained her seat in both 1982 elections and was appointedMinister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach andMinister of State at the Department of Justice with responsibility for Women's Affairs and Family Law.[5][7][8][9]
During the1986 referendum on Divorce, Fennell was one of the primary advocates for legalisation.[2][10]
During her time as a Minister of State, Fennell played a prominent role in orchestrating the 1986 referendum on the introduction of divorce, an issue long advocated for by AIM. Although the referendum was defeated, her efforts brought the matter to national prominence. She was also closely involved in driving several pieces of equality legislation through the Oireachtas, most notably the 1987 legislation abolishing the legal status of illegitimacy.[2][11]
Fennell lost her seat at the1987 general election but was immediatelynominated to the17th Seanad by Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald. She was subsequently elected to the18th Seanad on theLabour Panel and served as a member of the Oireachtas committee on women's rights.[2]
At the1989 general election, Fennell was returned to the26th Dáil for Dublin South. She retired from electoral politics at the1992 general election.[2][12]
Fennell was aliberal feminist who believed in a pragmatic approach to politics.[13] She believed that legislative progress required slow, methodical work and defended her approach against more radical feminists, citing the constraints of parliamentary politics.[14]
In a 1985 interview withHot Press, Fennell discussed her political views at the time. Fennell advocated for legislative change to achieve equality for women, contributing to amendments to the Employment Equality Act, the establishment of services for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault, and the drafting of the Status of Children Bill. On issues of sexuality and personal freedom, Fennell supported the legal availability of contraception for those 18 years of age or older, and took a cautious view on teenage sexual activity, believing adolescents were not emotionally or physically prepared for it. She opposed abortion, emphasising the foetus as "third party" that had to be considered. Fennell supported personal freedom of expression, admired figures likeBoy George, and advocated for a cautious constitutional approach to the legalisation of divorce.While a practising Catholic, she criticised the institutional Church’s response to the changing roles of women and she advocated for internal reform within the Church.[14]