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Nowa Huta | |
|---|---|
 Plac Centralny (Central Square) | |
 Location of Wzgórza Nowa Huta within Kraków | |
| Coordinates:50°04′20″N20°02′15″E / 50.07222°N 20.03750°E /50.07222; 20.03750 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County/City | Kraków |
| Government | |
| • President[citation needed] | Stanisław Moryc |
| Area | |
• Total | 65.41 km2 (25.25 sq mi) |
| Population (2014) | |
• Total | 54,588 |
| • Density | 830/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +48 12 |
| Website | http://www.dzielnica18.krakow.pl |
| Designated | 2023-01-30 |
| Reference no. | Dz. U. z 2023 r. poz. 222[1] |
Nowa Huta (pronounced[ˈnɔvaˈxuta], literally "The New Mill") is the easternmostdistrict ofKraków,Poland. With more than 200,000 inhabitants, it is one of the most populous areas of the city. Until 1990, the neighbouring districts were considered expansions of the original Nowa Huta district, and were linked bythe same tramway system. They are now separate districts of Kraków.
Nowa Huta is one of the largest plannedsocialist realist settlements or districts ever built (another beingMagnitogorsk in Russia) and "one of the most renowned examples of deliberatesocial engineering" in the entire world.[2] Built as autopianideal city, its street hierarchy, layout and certain grandeur of buildings often resembleParis orLondon. The high abundance of parks and green areas in Nowa Huta make it the greenest corner of Kraków.[3]
The historic area of present-day Nowa Huta is one of the few places inPoland settled continuously since theNeolithic age.[citation needed] Archaeological research has discovered a largeCeltic andWest Slavic settlement. In the 8th century, a mound was erected nearby by theVistulans tribe. According to legend, theWanda Mound is a tomb of Wanda, daughter ofKrakus, a mythical founder of Kraków. In the 13th century, aCistercianmonastery in the village of Mogiła was built.[4][5]
In the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century, during thepartitions of Poland and up toWorld War I, the outskirts of Nowa Huta constituted a border between territories controlled byAustria-Hungary andRussia. One can find historicAustro-Hungarianfortresses there, as well as one of Europe's oldest permanent airfields (Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport, currently housing thePolish Aviation Museum).
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Following theVistula–Oder Offensive in 1945, the Socialist government had encountered substantial resistance to their new regime from middle-class residents of Kraków. A referendum held by the authorities was soundly defeated by the people of Kraków – a major cause of embarrassment to the government. To "correct the class imbalance", the authorities commenced building a satellite industrial city to attract people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to the region, such as peasants and the working-class.[4]
Nowa Huta was created in 1949 as a separate city near Kraków, on terrain repossessed by the Socialist government from the former villages of Mogiła, Pleszów and Krzesławice. It was planned as a colossal center of heavy industry. The city was intended to become an ideal city for Socialist propaganda, and populated primarily by industrial workers. In 1951, it became a part of the city of Kraków as its new district, and in the following year, construction of tramway connections was underway.[4]
On 22 July 1954 theVladimir Lenin Steelworks was opened, and in less than twenty years, the factory became the largeststeel mill inPoland. In the 1960s, the city expanded rapidly. The monumental architecture of thePlac Centralny (Central Square) was surrounded by colossal apartment blocks. In the 1970s,steel production reached seven million tons annually. At the same time, the largesttobacco factory in Poland was opened there, as well as a colossalcement factory.
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The reasons for building such an industrial city near Kraków wereprimarily ideological, because coal needed to be transported fromSilesia, andiron ore needed to be transported from theSoviet Union, while the products were shipped to other parts of Poland, due to local demand for steel being relatively small. Such disadvantages became visible in the 1980s, when the economic crisis halted the city's growth. Nevertheless, the primacy of political reasons for choosing this location is not obvious. Kraków was a center of learning, with established schools of engineering and scientific research departments, providing the necessary expertise along with qualified staff. The presence of good railway links for bringing raw materials and the proximity of the river to supply water also played a role. The site was elevated high enough to avoid flooding, and the historic villages that it replaced were relatively small. All of the above factors quickly made the investment pay off.[6][7]
In line with the then policy of state atheism, one significant type of building lacking from the original urban design of Nowa Huta was a Roman Catholic church. However, the public campaign to construct such a building lasted several years. As early as 1952, inhabitants of Nowa Huta began applying for consent to build a church.[8] In 1960, violent street demonstrations with riot police erupted over a wooden cross that was erected without a permit.[9] The locals were supported by then Bishop Karol Wojtyla, the futurePope John Paul II, who began hosting outdoorChristmas EveMidnight Masses in 1959, regardless of weather, and replaced the cross every time that it was removed. In 1967, permits to build the desired church were granted, and theArka Pana (Lord's Ark Church also translated as the Church of Our Lady Queen of Poland) was under construction from 1969 to 1977.[10][11] The complex was consecrated by Wojtyla in May 1977.[12][13] Wojtyla himself, after his ascension to thepapacy in 1978, intended to visit Nowa Huta during his first papal pilgrimage in 1979, but was not permitted to do so.
During the 1980s, Nowa Huta became a city of many demonstrations and violent street protests of theSolidarity movement, fought by the police.[14] At that time, almost 29,000 of the 38,000 workers of the Lenin Steelworks belonged to theSolidarity trade union.[15]
The design movement ofsocialist realism inPoland, as in other member-states of theWarsaw Pact, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular accomplishments were made in the field ofarchitecture. The main lines of this new trend were very precisely indicated in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was an extremely important weapon to the creators of a new social order. It was intended to help to form a socialist theme – the ideas sparking citizens' consciousness and outlook on life. During this great work, a crucial role fell to the architect, who wasn't perceived as merely an engineer creating streets and edifices, but as an "engineer of the human soul". The general outlook of a building was more valued than its simple aesthetics. It needed to express social ideas, to arouse a feeling of persistence and power.
Since the style of theRenaissance was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also intended to become Poland's socialist national format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of socialist realism, there were a number of deviations observed. One of these was to more closely reflect Soviet architecture, which resulted in the majority of works blending into one another; and finally, the general acceptance of the classicist form. From 1953, critical opinions were increasingly frequently heard, and the doctrine was finally given up in 1956. To this day, thesocrealist city center is considered a monument of architecture.
Following the political liberalization of thePolish October in 1956, it became possible to introducemodernist style in architecture. Polish architects were allowed to visitStockholm to learn about the newest solutions in urban design. As a result, the so-named "Swedish" apartment block was developed according toLe Corbusier guidelines. Among other buildings from that era, theŚwiatowid cinema is worth noting. In the 1980s, the firstpostmodernist buildings were built, a notable example being the Centrum E housing estate. In the 1970s and 1980s, manyapartment blocks were built usingplattenbau.[citation needed]
Nowa Huta's central "Avenue of Roses" featured a nationally known statue ofVladimir Lenin, unveiled on 28 April 1973. The bronze monument was pulled down in 1989 by the city, as a result of numerous protests by local citizens. Several thousand onlookers came to watch the dismantling.[16]
Sacral architecture should also be noted, particularly theArka Pana (Lord's Ark Church), which was built to resembleNoah's Ark. It was designed by the architects Wojciech Pietrzyk and Jan Grabacki, with the design being influenced byLe Corbusier'sNotre Dame du Haut inRonchamp.[17][11]
Since thefall of the USSR, the city that was once a showpiece forStalinism now boasts many tributes to ardent opponents of the ideology. Streets formerly named afterVladimir Lenin and theCuban Revolution have been renamed to honorPope John Paul II and the PolishWorld War II heroWładysław Anders. Other streets were renamed afterEdward Rydz-Śmigły andIgnacy Mościcki, politicians of the pre-World War IISanation government. In 2004,Plac Centralny, Nowa Huta's central square, which once was home to a giant statue of Lenin[18] – on display at theHigh Chaparral Museum inHillerstorp,Sweden, was renamedPlac Centralny im. Ronalda Reagana (Ronald Reagan Central Square) in honor of the formerUS President.[19][20] However, this decision led to many objections,[21][22] and the traditional name is still widely used.[23] In 2014, a bright green statue of a urinating Lenin was installed as part of an arts festival.[24]
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Nowa Huta is home to several of Kraków's notable sports clubs. Rich in history,Hutnik Nowa Hutafootball club has sizeable support in the city, as does Kraków's onlyspeedway club,Wanda Kraków.[37]
TheKraków Speedway Stadium is a 12,000 all-seated stadium on Odmogile road.[38] It has hosted notable events such as the 1960 Poland versus England international that attracted a crowd of 25,000 and a qualifying round of theSpeedway World Team Cup in 1964.[39]
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