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In antiquity, the shores of theTsemes Bay were the site ofBata (Ancient Greek:Βατά), an ancient Greek colony that specialized in thegrain trade. It is mentioned in the works ofStrabo[13] andPtolemy, among others.
Following brief periods ofRoman andKhazar control, from the 9th century onwards, the area was part of theByzantine θέμα ΧερσῶνοςThema Khersonos (Province of Cherson).
During the 11th century, the area was overrun and controlled by nomads from the Eurasian steppe, led by theCumans. Later that century, the Byzantine emperor Ἀλέξιος ΚομνηνόςAlexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) was approached byAnglo-Saxon refugees, who had left England following theNorman Conquest. Alexios offered land to these refugees inThema Khersonos if they could recapture it from the nomads and there is contemporaneous evidence that aByzantine-English colony was subsequently founded. For example,medieval nautical charts mention place names on the Kuban coast with possible English origins, including a port (located within or near the future site of Novorossiysk) known asSusaco (orSusacho) – a name that may have been derived fromSussex.[14] (The same maps also show, north-west ofSusaco, a riverLondina, which may derive its name fromLondon.)[14]
In the 13th century,Genoese merchants from theGhisolfi family maintained a trade outpost in the area. A 2007 archaeological investigation of related sites discovered some interesting items.[15]
DuringWorld War II, most of the city was occupied by the German and Romanian Armies on September 10, 1942.[17] A small unit of Soviet sailors defended one part of the city, known asMalaya Zemlya, for 225 days beginning on February 4, 1943, and the town was liberated by theRed Army on September 16, 1943. The heroic defense of the port by the sailors allowed the Soviets to retain possession of the city's bay, which prevented the Axis from using the port for supply shipments. Novorossiysk was awarded the titleHero City in 1973.[citation needed]
In 2003,PresidentVladimir Putin signed adecree setting up a naval base for the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk. Russia allocated 12.3 billionrubles (about $480 million) for the construction of the new base between 2007 and 2012. The construction of other facilities and infrastructure at the base, including units for coastal troops, aviation and logistics, continued after 2012.[18] Russia planned to move the Black Sea Fleet with 80 warships and its headquarters fromSevastopol to the Novorossiysk base in 2020.[19]
The Russian lease on port facilities inSevastopol, which, though the main base of Russia'sBlack Sea Fleet, was part ofUkraine, was set to expire in 2017.[20] Ukraine was reported to be planning not to renew the lease; however, in April 2010 the Russian and Ukrainian presidents signedan agreement to extend the lease by twenty-five years, with an option of further extension of five years after the new term expires.[21] However, in 2014, Crimea was militarily occupied by theRussian Armed Forces during the2014 Crimean crisis in February. Crimea wasannexed by the Russian Federation in March 2014, and as such the question of the lease became moot.
The coat of arms of Novorossiysk was officially approved by Emperor Nicholas II on October 15, 1914. The description of the coat of arms was as follows: in a golden field above a black wavy tip, a black double-headed eagle under a crown, in the paws of an eagle a scepter and a power, on the chest a scarlet shield in which a golden Orthodox cross above a silver inverted crescent.[22] In 1994, the Soviet coat of arms was changed to a new one. In 2006, the coat of arms of 1914 was re-adopted with minor changes (a crown was added). The description of the modern coat of arms sounds like this in official sources: In a gold shield with a black wavy tip is a black double-headed eagle crowned with an Imperial crown, with a scepter and a power in its paws, on the wings of which is a shield, in the scarlet field of which is a golden Orthodox eight-pointed cross mounted on a silver inverted crescent. The shield is crowned with a golden five-pronged tower crown.[23]
"A Map of The Caucasian Isthmus". Designed and drawn by J. Grassl, 1856.
The city is located on theBlack Sea. It is not a resort town, butAnapa to the north andGelendzhik to the south are. There are several urban settlements under the jurisdiction of Novorossiysk. The most famous isAbrau-Dyurso, which consists of a townlet on the shore ofLake Abrau and a village on the coast of the Black Sea, connected by a winding mountain road.
The area of Novorossiysk is one of Russia's main wine-growing regions. Thewineries ofAbrau-Dyurso, established byTsar Alexander III in 1870, produce table and sparkling wines for domestic consumption.
Novorossiysk has a borderlinehumid subtropical (Cfa) andMediterranean climate (Csa) in theKöppen climate classification. Since the driest month has 36 mm (1.4 inches) and may or may not happen consistently in the summer, the city cannot be classified as solely humid subtropical or Mediterranean.
Novorossiysk is also an industrial city, dependent onsteel,food processing, and the production of metal goods and other manufactures. Extensivelimestonequarries supply importantcement factories in and around the city. The town is home to the Maritime State Academy[26] and Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute.[27]
Novorossiysk is the biggest Russian seaport. In 2019 cargo turnover amounted to 142.5m tons[28] In 2021 cargo turnover amounted to 105,2m tons[29]
A panoramic view of the port
Novorossiysk is connected by rail and highways to the main industrial and population centres of Russia, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia. It is served by theNovorossiysk railway station.
The closest airports (Gelendzhik Airport,Anapa Airport andKrasnodar Airport, situated 33 km (21 mi), 53 km (33 mi) and 172 km (107 mi) away from the city, respectively, offer flights to many cities in Russia.
Управление по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Администрации Краснодарского края. Справочная информация №34.01-707/13-03 от 23 мая 2013 г. «Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края». (Department of Cooperation with the Organs of the Local Self-Government of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 of May 23, 2013Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai. ).
Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №686-КЗ от 1 апреля 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Новороссийск и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №1756-КЗ от 3 июня 2009 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №64–65, 17 апреля 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #686-KZ of April 1, 2004On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Novorossiysk and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #1756-KZ of June 3, 2009On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
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