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Novgorod Oblast borders withLeningrad Oblast in the north and in the northwest,Vologda Oblast in the east,Tver Oblast in the southeast and in the south, andPskov Oblast in the southwest, which coincidentally has a similar amount of land area as Novgorod Oblast.
The western part is a lowland aroundLake Ilmen, while the eastern part is a highland (northern spurs of theValdai Hills).[10] The highest point isMount Ryzhokha [ru] in the Valdai Hills (296 metres (971 ft)). In the center of the oblast isLake Ilmen, one of the largest lakes in Central Russia. The major tributaries of Lake Ilmen are theMsta, which originates in the east of the Valdai Hills and collects the rivers in the east of the oblast, theLovat, thePola, and thePolist, which all flow to the lake from the south, and theShelon, flowing from the southwest. The only outflow of the lake is theVolkhov, a major tributary ofLake Ladoga. Almost all of the oblast belongs to the river basin of the Volkhov. The exceptions are the northwest, which belongs to the river basin of theLuga, a tributary of theBaltic Sea, the north, belonging to the basin of theSyas, another tributary of Lake Ladoga, the east, which belongs to the basin of theMologa, a tributary of theVolga, and the south, belonging to basins of various tributaries of the upper Volga River. Sorted by the discharge, the biggest rivers of the oblast are the Volkhov, the Mologa, the Msta, the Lovat, the Syas, and the Shelon.
The south and the southeast of the oblast contain one of the largest lake districts in European Russia. The biggest lake in the area,Lake Seliger, is divided between Novgorod and Tver Oblasts. Other big lakes in the area includeLake Valdayskoye,Lake Shlino [ru],Lake Velyo [ru],Lake Piros [ru], andLake Meglino [ru].
Battle between Novgorod and Suzdal in 1170, the icon from 1460
Novgorod is one of the oldest centers of Russian civilization. It lay on the historicaltrade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, which followed the Volkhov upstream to Lake Ilmen and then followed the course of the Lovat before eventually reaching theDnieper River. Novgorod is indicated in the chronicles as the site whereRurik settled and founded theRurik Dynasty in 862.[12] Subsequently, Rurik's successor,Oleg, moved the capital toKiev, but Novgorod continued to play an important role until the 15th century. In 1136, Novgorod evicted the prince and became the center of theNovgorod Republic, which included the major part of what is currently northwestern Russia. It was an example of a medieval republic, in which decisions were taken byveche—a meeting of the city population—and the prince was elected. (The only other Russian city with a similar organization wasPskov.) Novgorod linked the river routes of Baltic, Byzantium, Central Asian regions, and all parts of European Russia and flourished as one of the most important trading centres of eastern and northern Europe.[13] It was part of theHanseatic League which connected it to Central and Northern Europe. Novgorod was one of the few areas of Rus not affected by theMongol invasions. It was also an important cultural center, and the majority of monuments preserved in Russia from the 11th through the 14th century are those standing in Veliky Novgorod.
Jewellery decorations of Novgorod slovenes, 11–13 century.
Towards the end of the 15th century Novgorod was defeated by the army ofIvan III, the prince of Moscow, and was included into theGrand Duchy of Moscow. In 1560,Ivan the Terrible, fearing treason, sent his army to sack the city. This event, known as theMassacre of Novgorod, had catastrophic consequences for the city, which lost the majority of its population and never recovered. Additionally, in the beginning of the 17th century, during theTime of Troubles, Novgorod was plundered by the Swedish army.
December 29 [O.S. December 18], 1708TsarPeter the Great issued an edict which established seven governorates.[14][15] The present area of Novgorod oblast was a part of Ingermanland Governorate, which was renamedSaint Petersburg Governorate in 1710. In 1727, a separateNovgorod Governorate was established. It was subdivided into five provinces, and the current area of Novgorod Oblast was split between two of them—Novgorod andVelikiye Luki Provinces. In 1772, Velikiye Luki Province was transferred to newly establishedPskov Governorate. In 1775, Novgorod Governorate was transformed toNovgorod Viceroyalty, and in 1777, Pskov Governorate was transformed toPskov Viceroyalty. In 1796, both governorates were re-established. By the 1920s, most of the area of current Novgorod Oblast belonged to Novgorod Governorate.
Before the 19th century, the areas around Novgorod were considerably better developed than the areas which are currently located in the center and the east of the oblast. In 1851,Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway, the first long-distance railway in Russia, opened. It bypassed Novgorod as it was built on a straight line between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The railway construction lead to the development of the adjacent areas and eventually to creation of new towns such asMalaya Vishera,Okulovka, andChudovo. Later on, the railroads betweenSonkovo and Saint Petersburg, as well as betweenBologoye andPskov, and a number of connecting lines, were constructed.
On August 1, 1927 the governorates were abolished, and merged into newly establishedLeningrad Oblast.[16] Between autumn of 1941 and spring of 1944, duringWorld War II, western parts of the current area of Novgorod Oblast, including the city of Novgorod, were occupied by German troops. Novgorod Oblast was an area of long and fierce battles, such as, for example, theDemyansk Pocket, or theLeningrad–Novgorod Offensive in 1944, when the Soviet troops crossed the Volkhov River. After the liberation, on July 5, 1944, Novgorod Oblast with the center in the city of Novgorod was established.
In 1999, the city of Novgorod was renamed Veliky Novgorod.
Oblast government seat in Sophia Square, completed in 1959
During theSoviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Novgorod CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside electedregional parliament.
The Charter of Novgorod Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Novgorod Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.
First secretaries of the Novgorod Oblast CPSU Committee
On 13 February 2017, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation,Andrei Nikitin was appointed Acting Governor of the Novgorod Oblast.[21] In the elections on 10 September 2017, Nikitin was elected head of the Oblast,[22] and on 14 October 2017, he took office as governor of the Novgorod Oblast.[23]
Results of the election of the Governor of the Novgorod Oblast[24]
TheNovgorod Oblast Duma consists of 32 deputies[26] elected by a mixed electoral system for a term of 5 years: 16 deputies are elected in a single constituency, 16 in single-member constituencies.
The last elections of deputies of the Novgorod Oblast Duma took place on 19 September 2021.[27]
Results of the elections of deputies of the Novgorod Oblast Duma of the VII convocation[28]
As of 14 January 2019, 35 regional branches of political parties were registered in the Novgorod Oblast.[31]
The leading political force in the Novgorod Oblast is the regional branch of the United Russia party. The secretary of the Novgorod Oblast branch of the party isSergey Fabrichny.[32] Local branches have been established in all municipal districts and city districts of the Oblast.[33]
The first secretary of the regional branch of the CPRF is Valery Gaidim.[34] Local branches of the party have been established in all municipal and urban districts of the Oblast.[35]
The Chairman of the Council of the Oblast branch of the A Just Russia party is Alexei Afanasyev.[36] Local branches of the party have been established in all municipal districts and urban districts of the Oblast.[37]
Alexey Chursinov coordinates the work of the Novgorod Oblast Branch of the LDPR.[38] Local branches of the party have been established in all municipal districts and urban districts of the Oblast.
Sergey Mitin is the member of the Federation Council of theFederal Assembly from the executive body of the Novgorod Oblast.[39] The member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly from the legislative body of the Novgorod Oblast isElena Pisareva.[40]
As of 2014, industry was responsible for about 40% of the GNP of the oblast. The main industrial enterprises in the oblast are four chemical plants, all located in Veliky Novgorod and specializing mostly in production of fertilizers, a metallurgical plant, also in Veliky Novgorod, producing copper, and a plant in Borovichi producing refractory materials.[41]
The main specialization of agriculture in the oblast is cattle breeding with meat and milk production.[42] In 2011, approximately 90% of the farms held cattle, and 79% of all agricultural production in the oblast were meat, milk, and eggs. A number of large-scale farms are keeping pigs and poultry. Bee-keeping, as well as cultivating of crops and potatoes, are also present.
Novgorod appeared as a site on one of the most important Middle-Age trade routes. The importance of waterways has considerably diminished since those days, butLake Ilmen, theVolkhov River, and lower courses of main tributaries of lake Ilmen—the Lovat, the Msta, the Polist, and the Shelon, as well asLake Seliger, remain navigable.
The road network is well developed within the oblast, though only a small number of roads cross borders with Tver Oblast west ofValday and Leningrad Oblast east of Lyubytino. One highway of federal significance,M10, which connects Moscow and Saint Petersburg, crosses the oblast, running through Valday,Kresttsy, and Veliky Novgorod (there is a bypass of Veliky Novgorod). Highways connect Veliky Novgorod with Pskov and with Velikiye Luki, among other destinations.
Novgorod Airport andKrechevitsy Airport are both located around Veliky Novgorod, however, there are no regular passenger flights. Novgorod Airport is basically abandoned.
Novgorod Oblast has the lowest population for any oblast in the European part of Russia. One of the reasons for the relatively low population density, particularly the male population, is that the area suffered heavily duringWorld War II. The population is 70.6% urban.[45]
Ethnic groups: Novgorod Oblast is relatively homogenous, with only three recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each at the time of the 2021 Census. In the 2021 Census, the following ethnicities were most numerous: 481,858Russians (95.4%); 2,931Ukrainians (0.6%); 2,498Romani (0.5%); 1,943Tajiks (0.4%); 1,409Belarusians (0.3%); 14,308 others.[47] Additionally, 78,440 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnic groups in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
Novgorod is one of the oldest Russian cities and was an important part of theOld Rus. Like many Russian cities Novgorod preserved its own local characteristics of traditionalRussian culture. Despite great damages, in particular, during World War II, a large amount of medieval monuments of art, archeology, and architecture survive. Many of those are included into the World Heritage siteHistoric Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings. The majority of them are operated by theNovgorod Museum Reserve. TheSaint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is the oldest Christian church in Russia with the exception of theCaucasus area. Since Novgorod was not affected by the Mongol invasions, it keeps a fair share ofpre-Mongol buildings, most of which are concentrated in the city of Veliky Novgorod and its immediate surroundings. The only pre-Mongol building in Novgorod Oblast outside the Veliky Novgorod agglomeration is the Katholikon of theTransfiguration Cathedral in Staraya Russa, built in the end of the 12th century. Novgorod has, furthermore, a large number of architectural monuments constructed in the 13th–14th centuries, of which theChurch of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street is a representative example.
Novgorod developed a distinct school oficon painting, which considerably affected not only the nearby Pskov and the Northern Russia which was dependent on Novgorod, but also in general the old Russian painting. The oldest survived Novgorod icons are dated by the 12th century.Theophanes the Greek, one of the most notable old Russian artists, spent a part of his life in Novgorod, creating, in particular, frescoes in the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street. TheEast Slavic instrumentGusli was first recorded in the north Russian regions around the era ofNovgorodian Rus'.[53] The oldestOnion domes which became a popular feature ofRussian culture andarchitecture originated among other regions also inVeliky Novgorod.
The archaeological excavations in Novgorod and Staraya Russa unearthed over a thousand ofbirch bark manuscripts, used mostly to document various business issues. Currently, these manuscripts serve as the main source on the everyday life in the ancient Russia. Many medievalchronicles originate from Novgorod, the first one being theNovgorod First Chronicle, which covers the period between 1016 and 1471. In 14th century the Slavic-Nordic piratesUshkuiniks spread in the Russian north and later in many other regions of ancient Russia.
After Novgorod was subordinated to Moscow in the end of the 15th century, its cultural significance gradually diminished. However,Valday Iversky Monastery, founded in the 17th century, served as a major cultural center, and in the 18th–19th centuries many important figures of Russian history owned estates in Novgorod Governorate. For example, generalissimoAlexander Suvorov, a Russian military commander notable for military operations against theOttoman Empire and against the army ofNapoleon in the late 18th century, owned the estate ofKonchansko-Suvorovskoye, currently inBorovichsky District,[54] and authorsGleb Uspensky andNikolay Nekrasov owned summer houses in and nearChudovo. In 1862, theMillennium of Russia monument was erected in Novgorod to commemorate the thousand years ofRurik arrival to Novgorod.
Ustyug Annunciation, a Novgorod icon from the 12th century
Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street, Veliky Novgorod
TheGusli instrument was first recorded in 12th century in Novgordian Rus'.
^Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995).Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север". pp. 19–20.
^"Общая информация и структура" [General information and structure]. duma.novreg.ru.Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2019.
^"Руководители областной Думы" [Leaders of the regional Duma]. duma.novreg.ru.Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2019.
^Findeizen, Nikolai (February 7, 2008).History of music in Russia from antiquity to 1800. Volume 1, From antiquity to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Velimirovič, Miloš M., Jensen, Claudia R., Brown, Malcolm Hamrick., Waugh, Daniel C. (Daniel Clarke). Bloomington.ISBN9780253026378.OCLC953789690.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Новгородская областная Дума. Постановление №65-ОД от 31 августа 1994 г. «Устав Новгородской области», в ред. Областного закона №879-ОЗ от 27 ноября 2015 г. «О внесении поправки в статью 47 Устава Новгородской области». Вступил в силу 16 сентября 1994 г. Опубликован: "Новгородские ведомости", №139, 16 сентября 1994 г. (Novgorod Oblast Duma. Resolution #65-OD of August 31, 1994Charter of Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #879-OZ of November 27, 2015On Amending Article 47 of the Charter of Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of September 16, 1994.).
Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 5 июля 1944 г. «Об образовании Новгородской области в составе РСФСР». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 5, 1944On Establishing Novgorod Oblast within the Russian SFSR. ).
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![The Saint Sophia Cathedral of Novgorod was one of the first churches which introduced Onion domes[55]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aSaint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod_pic1.JPG)
