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All 350 seats in theCongress of Deputies and 208 (of 265) seats in theSenate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 37,001,379 0.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 24,507,715 (66.2%) 5.5pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress) Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress) Election results by constituency (Congress) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ageneral election was held inSpain on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the members of the 14thCortes Generales under theSpanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in theCongress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in theSenate. It was arepeat election under the provisions of Article 99.5 of the Constitution,[1] as a result of the failure ingovernment formation negotiations following theprevious general election.
Political differences between theSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) andUnidas Podemos after the April 2019 election sawPedro Sánchez's failedinvestiture asprime minister on 23–25 July 2019. With no further party negotiations during the summer,King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November.[2][3][4][5] The failure in negotiations promptedPodemos' founderÍñigo Errejón to turn his regionalMás Madrid party—which had obtained a remarkable result in the26 May Madrilenian regional election—into a national alliance under the newly created brand ofMás País,[6][7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos andUnited Left (IU) allies, such asCoalició Compromís,Equo orChunta Aragonesista (CHA), while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials.[8][9]
Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the oppositionPeople's Party (PP) and large gains for the far-rightVox party at the expense ofCitizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end ofAlbert Rivera's active political career.[10] Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform the combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiateda government shortly after the election, to become the firstgoverning coalition in Spain since theSecond Spanish Republic.[11][12][13]
The tenure of the newly formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of theCOVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worstworldwide recession since theGreat Depression resulting from the massivelockdowns enforced to reduce the spread ofSARS-CoV-2.
Under the1978 Constitution, the SpanishCortes Generales were envisaged as animperfect bicameral system.[14][15] TheCongress of Deputies had greater legislative power than theSenate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from aprime minister and to override Senatevetoes by anabsolute majority of votes.[16] Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a limited number of functions—such asratification ofinternational treaties, authorization of collaboration agreements betweenautonomous communities, enforcement ofdirect rule, regulation of interterritorial compensation funds, and its role inconstitutional amendment and in the appointment of members to theConstitutional Court and theGeneral Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to the Congress's override.[17]
Voting for each chamber of theCortes Generales was on the basis ofuniversal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote.[18][19] Additionally,Spaniards abroad were required toapply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish:Voto rogado).[20][21]
TheCongress of Deputies was entitled to a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with the electoral law setting its size at 350. 348 members were elected in 50multi-member constituencies—corresponding to theprovinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations—using theD'Hondt method and aclosed listproportional voting system, with anelectoral threshold of three percent of valid votes (which includedblank ballots) being applied in each constituency. The two remaining seats were allocated toCeuta andMelilla assingle-member districts and elected usingplurality voting.[22][23] The use of the electoral method resulted in a highereffective threshold based on thedistrict magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[24]
As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[25]
208 seats in theSenate were elected using anopen listpartial block voting system: in constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as theBalearic andCanary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger (Mallorca,Gran Canaria andTenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller (Menorca,Ibiza–Formentera,Fuerteventura,La Gomera,El Hierro,Lanzarote andLa Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally,autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[26][27][28]
The law did not provide forby-elections to fillvacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in thelist and, when required, by the designatedsubstitutes.[29]
Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court ruling nor convicted, even if by a non-final ruling, to forfeiture of eligibility or to specific disqualification or suspension from public office under particular offences:rebellion,terrorism or othercrimes against the state. Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on the following officials:[30][31]
Other causes of ineligibility for both chambers were imposed on a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned categories—during their tenure of office—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, as well as employees of foreign states and members of regional governments.[30][31] Incompatibility provisions extended to the president of theNational Commission on Markets and Competition; members ofRTVE's board and of the offices of the prime minister, the ministers and the secretaries of state; government delegates inport authorities, hydrographic confederations and toll highway concessionary companies; presidents and other high-ranking members of public entities,state monopolies, companies with majority public participation and publicsaving banks; deputies and senators elected on candidacies subsequently declared illegal by a final court ruling; as well as the impossibility of simultaneously holding the positions of deputy and senator or regional legislator.[32]
The electoral law allowed forparties andfederations registered in theinterior ministry,coalitions andgroupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[33] Additionally, a balanced composition of men and women was required in the lists of candidates, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition.[34]
A special, simplified process was provided for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.[35]
The term of each chamber of theCortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they weredissolved earlier.[36] The electiondecree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in theOfficial State Gazette (BOE), withelection day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.[37] Theprevious election was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible date for election day on Sunday, 28 May 2023.
The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call asnap election, provided that nomotion of no confidence was in process, nostate of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one.[38] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[39] Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2025, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.
TheCortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 10 November and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 3 December.[25]
The tables below show the composition of theparliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[40][41]
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Below is a list of the mainparties andelectoral alliances which contested the election:
The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the2015–2016 political deadlock leading to theJune 2016 election. This consisted of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again.[35] The key dates are listed below (all times areCET. TheCanary Islands usedWET (UTC+0) instead):[57]
| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSOE | « Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España » « Ahora sí » | "Government now. Spain now" "Yes now" | [58] [59] | |
| PP | « Por todo lo que nos une » | "For everything that unites us" | [60] | |
| Cs | « España en marcha » | "Spain underway" | [61] | |
| Unidas Podemos | Main: « Un Gobierno contigo » ECP: « Si vols solucions, vota solucions » En Común: « Conta con nós » | Main: "A Government with you" ECP: "If you want solutions, vote solutions" En Común: "Count with us" | [62] [63] [64] | |
| Vox | « España siempre » | "Always Spain" | [65] | |
| ERC–Sobiranistes | « Tornarem més forts » | "We shall return stronger" | [66] | |
| JxCat–Junts | « Per la independència, ni un vot enrere » | "For independence, not a vote back" | [67] | |
| EAJ/PNV | « Hemen, EAJ-PNV » | "Here, EAJ/PNV" | [68] | |
| EH Bildu | « Erabaki Baietz! » | "Decide Yes!" | [69] | |
| CCa–PNC–NC | « Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias » | "Let's make the Canaries stronger" | [70] | |
| NA+ | « Navarra, clave en España » | "Navarra, key in Spain" | [71] | |
| BNG | « Facer valer Galiza con voz propia » | "Enforce Galicia with our own voice" | [72] | |
| Más País | Main: « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País » Més Compromís: « Acordar, la política útil » | Main: "Unblock, make progress, More Country" Més Compromís: "Agreeing, the useful policy" | [73] [74] | |
| CUP–PR | « Ingovernables » | "Ungovernable" | [75] | |
The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform,Más País, founded by formerPodemos co-founderÍñigo Errejón around hisMás Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election.[76] Más País was joined by several other parties, such asCoalició Compromís,Chunta Aragonesista andEquo, the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition withUnidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform.[9][77][78] The leadership ofPodemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País.[8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed.[79]
On 24 September, theSpanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants ofFrancisco Franco from theValle de los Caídos, a key policy ofPedro Sánchez during the previous legislature.[80] Theprior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation;[81] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling.[82][83]
On 13 October, the leaders of theCatalan independence movement involved in theevents of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court forsedition andembezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail.[84] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days.[85][86][87]
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | P Present[h] S Surrogate[i] NI Not invited | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSOE | PP | Cs | UP | Vox | ERC | JxCat | PNV | Audience | Ref. | |||
| 1 November | RTVE[j] | Xabier Fortes | P Lastra | P A. de Toledo | P Arrimadas | P I. Montero | P Espinosa | P Rufián | NI | P Esteban | 17.7% (2,468,000) | [88] [89] |
| 2 November | laSexta (La Sexta Noche) | Iñaki López | S Sicilia | S Gamarra | S Rodríguez | S Vera | S O. Smith | P Rufián | S Borràs | P Esteban | 8.5% (865,000) | [90] [91] |
| 4 November | TV Academy | Ana Blanco Vicente Vallés | P Sánchez | P Casado | P Rivera | P Iglesias | P Abascal | NI | NI | NI | 52.7% (8,621,000) | [92] [93] |
| 7 November | laSexta[k] | Ana Pastor | P M. Montero | P Pastor | P Arrimadas | P I. Montero | P Monasterio | NI | NI | NI | 19.2% (3,133,000) | [94] [95] |
| Debate | Polling firm/Commissioner | PSOE | PP | Cs | UP | Vox | ERC | PNV | Tie | None |  ? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 November | SocioMétrica/El Español[96] | 14.3 | 17.6 | 19.4 | 16.6 | 18.5 | 6.0 | 3.7 | – | – | 3.9 |
| 4 November | ElectoPanel/Electomanía[97] | 9.7 | 7.5 | 14.8 | 34.3 | 33.8 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3[98] | 20.0 | 21.5 | 10.8 | 29.5 | 18.2 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Invymark/laSexta[99] | 32.3 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 15.5 | 13.8 | – | – | – | – | 8.2 | |
| SocioMétrica/El Español[100] | 20.0 | 26.3 | 13.3 | 15.0 | 21.8 | – | – | – | – | 3.6 | |
| Ipsos/Henneo[101] | 24.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 32.0 | 29.0 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NC Report/La Razón[102] | 22.8 | 25.1 | 10.1 | 24.3 | 17.7 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| CIS[103] | 15.3 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 23.3 | 14.7 | – | – | 3.4 | 23.7 | 6.1 |
The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).
| Region | Time | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:00 | 18:00 | 20:00 | |||||||
| 28A | 10N | +/– | 28A | 10N | +/– | 28A | 10N | +/– | |
| Andalusia | 38.94% | 35.80% | −3.14 | 57.25% | 54.85% | −2.40 | 73.31% | 68.25% | −5.06 |
| Aragon | 44.65% | 41.18% | −3.47 | 62.32% | 57.91% | −4.41 | 77.62% | 71.50% | −6.12 |
| Asturias | 40.15% | 34.42% | −5.73 | 58.67% | 53.50% | −5.17 | 73.35% | 65.48% | −7.87 |
| Balearic Islands | 38.10% | 30.95% | −7.15 | 54.42% | 47.40% | −7.02 | 67.58% | 58.71% | −8.87 |
| Basque Country | 41.75% | 40.18% | −1.57 | 60.05% | 57.60% | −2.45 | 74.52% | 68.91% | −5.61 |
| Canary Islands | 30.72% | 27.08% | −3.64 | 51.00% | 44.36% | −6.64 | 68.14% | 60.46% | −7.68 |
| Cantabria | 43.12% | 39.12% | −4.00 | 63.65% | 59.28% | −4.37 | 78.09% | 70.83% | −7.26 |
| Castile and León | 41.80% | 37.29% | −4.51 | 62.00% | 56.70% | −5.30 | 78.24% | 71.37% | −6.87 |
| Castilla–La Mancha | 42.71% | 38.07% | −4.64 | 62.35% | 57.44% | −4.91 | 78.02% | 71.36% | −6.66 |
| Catalonia | 43.52% | 40.58% | −2.94 | 64.20% | 59.88% | −4.32 | 77.58% | 72.17% | −5.41 |
| Extremadura | 42.87% | 37.17% | −5.70 | 60.22% | 54.41% | −5.81 | 76.31% | 69.12% | −7.19 |
| Galicia | 36.97% | 31.96% | −5.01 | 58.93% | 53.26% | −5.67 | 73.97% | 66.62% | −7.35 |
| La Rioja | 44.76% | 40.42% | −4.34 | 61.62% | 57.45% | −4.17 | 78.11% | 71.27% | −6.84 |
| Madrid | 43.61% | 40.98% | −2.63 | 65.11% | 61.50% | −3.61 | 79.75% | 74.54% | −5.21 |
| Murcia | 43.41% | 39.01% | −4.40 | 61.85% | 57.89% | −3.96 | 75.69% | 69.99% | −5.70 |
| Navarre | 43.79% | 39.38% | −4.41 | 60.97% | 56.46% | −4.51 | 76.29% | 69.21% | −7.08 |
| Valencian Community | 45.87% | 42.51% | −3.36 | 61.67% | 59.97% | −1.70 | 76.34% | 71.74% | −4.60 |
| Ceuta | 30.47% | 27.27% | −3.20 | 48.84% | 43.77% | −5.07 | 63.97% | 56.16% | −7.81 |
| Melilla | 28.14% | 24.61% | −3.53 | 45.45% | 38.98% | −6.47 | 63.05% | 57.12% | −5.93 |
| Total | 41.49% | 37.92% | –3.57 | 60.76% | 56.85% | –3.91 | 75.75% | 69.87% | –5.88 |
| Sources[104] | |||||||||
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| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 6,792,199 | 28.00 | −0.67 | 120 | −3 | |
| People's Party (PP) | 5,047,040 | 20.81 | +4.12 | 89 | +23 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 3,656,979 | 15.08 | +4.82 | 52 | +28 | |
| United We Can (Unidas Podemos) | 3,119,364 | 12.86 | −1.46 | 35 | −7 | |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU) | 2,381,960 | 9.82 | −1.24 | 26 | −7 | |
| In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) | 549,173 | 2.26 | −0.09 | 7 | ±0 | |
| In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) | 188,231 | 0.78 | −0.13 | 2 | ±0 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 1,650,318 | 6.80 | −9.06 | 10 | −47 | |
| Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 880,734 | 3.63 | −0.28 | 13 | −2 | |
| Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 874,859 | 3.61 | −0.28 | 13 | −2 | |
| Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) | 5,875 | 0.02 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Country (Más País) | 582,306 | 2.40 | New | 3 | +2 | |
| More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) | 330,345 | 1.36 | New | 2 | +2 | |
| More Commitment (Més Compromís)1 | 176,287 | 0.73 | +0.07 | 1 | ±0 | |
| More Country (Más País) | 52,478 | 0.22 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) | 23,196 | 0.10 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) | 530,225 | 2.19 | +0.28 | 8 | +1 | |
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 379,002 | 1.56 | +0.05 | 6 | ±0 | |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 277,621 | 1.14 | +0.15 | 5 | +1 | |
| Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR) | 246,971 | 1.02 | New | 2 | +2 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 228,856 | 0.94 | −0.31 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)2 | 124,289 | 0.51 | −0.15 | 2 | ±0 | |
| Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) | 120,456 | 0.50 | +0.14 | 1 | +1 | |
| Sum Navarre (NA+) | 99,078 | 0.41 | ±0.00 | 2 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) | 68,830 | 0.28 | +0.08 | 1 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 35,042 | 0.14 | −0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 27,272 | 0.11 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Teruel Exists (¡TE!) | 19,761 | 0.08 | New | 1 | +1 | |
| More Left (Més–MxMe–esquerra)3 | 18,295 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) | 14,046 | 0.06 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 13,828 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 13,029 | 0.05 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Yes to the Future (GBai) | 12,709 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Leonese People's Union (UPL) | 10,243 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) | 9,725 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Coalition for Melilla (CpM) | 8,955 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank Seats (EB) | 5,970 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For Ávila (XAV) | 5,416 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) | 5,416 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens (Verdes) | 3,287 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 3,150 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Feminist Initiative (IFem) | 3,005 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) | 2,339 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| We Are Region (Somos Región) | 2,328 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Left in Positive (IZQP) | 2,325 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Canaries Now (ANC–UP) | 2,032 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) | 2,015 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Aragonese Union (CHA) | 2,000 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) | 1,466 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| United Extremadura (EU) | 1,347 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) | 1,259 | 0.01 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB) | 1,171 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) | 1,068 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) | 1,067 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) | 941 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andecha Astur (Andecha) | 887 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) | 819 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Puyalón (PYLN) | 630 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 616 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) | 585 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) | 530 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andalusian Convergence (CAnda) | 520 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) | 461 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) | 270 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) | 249 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Centered (centrados) | 234 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Plural Democracy (DPL) | 214 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) | 113 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| XXI Convergence (C21) | 72 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Union of Everyone (UdT) | 26 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 217,227 | 0.90 | +0.14 | |||
| Total | 24,258,228 | 350 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 24,258,228 | 98.98 | +0.03 | |||
| Invalid votes | 249,487 | 1.02 | −0.03 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 24,507,715 | 66.23 | −5.53 | |||
| Abstentions | 12,493,664 | 33.77 | +5.53 | |||
| Registered voters | 37,001,379 | |||||
| Sources[105][106][107][108] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
 | ||||||
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 19,481,846 | 30.62 | +1.29 | 93 | −30 | |
| People's Party (PP) | 17,074,301 | 26.84 | +7.68 | 83 | +29 | |
| United We Can (Unidas Podemos) | 7,884,444 | 12.39 | −0.38 | 0 | ±0 | |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU) | 5,993,304 | 9.42 | −0.25 | 0 | ±0 | |
| In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) | 1,440,373 | 2.26 | +0.15 | 0 | ±0 | |
| In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) | 450,767 | 0.71 | −0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 4,951,350 | 7.78 | −7.07 | 0 | −4 | |
| Vox (Vox) | 3,229,631 | 5.08 | −3.27 | 2 | +2 | |
| Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 3,054,285 | 4.80 | +0.41 | 11 | ±0 | |
| Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 3,040,779 | 4.78 | +0.40 | 11 | ±0 | |
| Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) | 11,894 | 0.02 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Republican Left (esquerra)1 | 1,612 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) | 1,689,482 | 2.66 | +0.53 | 3 | +1 | |
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 1,152,440 | 1.81 | +0.16 | 9 | ±0 | |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 977,844 | 1.54 | −0.30 | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Country (Más País) | 960,287 | 1.51 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Commitment (Més Compromís)2 | 474,607 | 0.75 | −0.05 | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) | 384,728 | 0.60 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) | 51,532 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Country (Más País) | 49,420 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 842,993 | 1.33 | +0.43 | 1 | ±0 | |
| Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) | 411,948 | 0.65 | +0.18 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Sum Navarre (NA+) | 309,357 | 0.49 | +0.04 | 3 | ±0 | |
| Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)3 | 220,299 | 0.35 | −0.09 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) | 176,740 | 0.28 | +0.06 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 128,201 | 0.20 | −0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 70,514 | 0.11 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 69,326 | 0.11 | +0.04 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Teruel Exists (¡TE!) | 57,340 | 0.09 | New | 2 | +2 | |
| Yes to the Future (GBai)4 | 52,076 | 0.08 | n/a | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) | 50,663 | 0.08 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Leonese People's Union (UPL) | 41,773 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| More Left (Més–esquerra) | 37,727 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 28,052 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank Seats (EB) | 26,258 | 0.04 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) | 22,767 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| For Ávila (XAV) | 21,340 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Coalition for Melilla (CpM) | 17,427 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Feminist Initiative (IFem) | 14,139 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) | 13,099 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| We Are Region (Somos Región) | 12,888 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Aragonese Union (CHA) | 7,622 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) | 7,058 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| United Extremadura (EU) | 7,021 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) | 7,015 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) | 6,350 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Canaries Now (ANC–UP) | 6,196 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Left in Positive (IZQP) | 4,786 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andecha Astur (Andecha) | 4,518 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) | 4,276 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 4,179 | 0.01 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) | 3,628 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 1 | ±0 | |
| More for Menorca (MxMe) | 3,310 | 0.01 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Libertarian Party (P–LIB) | 2,331 | 0.01 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) | 2,327 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) | 2,307 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| The Greens (Verdes) | 1,862 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) | 1,557 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) | 1,514 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Aragonese Land (TA) | 1,509 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) | 1,439 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Puyalón (PYLN) | 1,373 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) | 1,115 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) | 974 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) | 855 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Centered (centrados) | 734 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Plural Democracy (DPL) | 428 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) | 401 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| XXI Convergence (C21) | 257 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Union of Everyone (UdT) | 79 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots[l] | 451,449 | 1.89 | +0.18 | |||
| Total | 63,619,307 | 208 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 23,825,576 | 97.70 | −0.28 | |||
| Invalid votes | 561,601 | 2.30 | +0.28 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 24,387,177 | 65.91 | −5.41 | |||
| Abstentions | 12,614,202 | 34.09 | +5.41 | |||
| Registered voters | 37,001,379 | |||||
| Sources[41][105][106][107][109] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
On 11 November, the day after the election,Albert Rivera resigned as leader ofCitizens (Cs)[110] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely.[111] The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalistPopular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.
On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies.[112]
| Investiture Congress of Deputies Nomination ofPedro Sánchez (PSOE) | |||
| Ballot → | 5 January 2020 | 7 January 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 176 out of 350 N | Simple Y | |
166 / 350 | 167 / 350 | ||
165 / 350 | 165 / 350 | ||
18 / 350 | 18 / 350 | ||
1 / 350 | 0 / 350 | ||
| Sources[113][114][115] | |||
| Motion of no confidence Congress of Deputies Nomination ofSantiago Abascal (Vox) | ||
| Ballot → | 22 October 2020 | |
|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 176 out of 350N | |
Yes
| 52 / 350 | |
298 / 350 | ||
| Abstentions | 0 / 350 | |
| Absentees | 0 / 350 | |
| Sources[113][116] | ||
In February 2023,Ramón Tamames, a former member of theCommunist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if aVox-proposed motion of no confidence were successful.[117] The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions (People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against.[118]
| Motion of no confidence Congress of Deputies Nomination ofRamón Tamames (Independent) | ||
| Ballot → | 22 March 2023 | |
|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 176 out of 350 | |
53 / 350 | ||
201 / 350 | ||
91 / 350 | ||
4 / 350 | ||
| Sources[113] | ||
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