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1991 .
1991 (MCMXCI ) was acommon year starting on Tuesday of theGregorian calendar , the 1991st year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 91st year of the20th century , and the 2nd year of the1990s decade.
Calendar year
It was the final year of theCold War , which had begun in1947 . During the year, theSoviet Union collapsed , leavingfifteen sovereign republics and theCIS in its place. In July 1991,India abandoned its policies ofdirigism ,license raj andautarky and began extensiveliberalisation to its economy. This increasedGDP but also increasedincome inequality over the next two decades.[ 1] UN -authorizedcoalition force from 34 nations fought againstIraq , which hadinvaded andannexed Kuwait in the previous year,1990 . The conflict would be called theGulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash betweenSerbia and the otherYugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of theYugoslav Wars , which ran through the rest of the decade.
In the context of theapartheid , the year after the liberation of political prisonerNelson Mandela , the Parliament of South Africarepeals the Population Registration Act, 1950 , overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.[ 2]
The year 1991 saw the rise of a ten-year-longboost of the US domestic economy with theDow Jones Industrial Average remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time.[ 3] Dot-com bubble of 2000–2002.
In August, theWorld Wide Web , originally conceived during the previous year, was released outsideCERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that led to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoingglobalization around the globe.
In terms ofpopular culture , during this yearalternative rock saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknowngrunge sound were released, including the influentialNevermind Nirvana in September 1991.[ 4] hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.[ 5] Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, along with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade.
January 1 –Czechoslovakia becomes the secondEastern European country to abandon itscommand economy .[ 6] January 5 –Georgian troops attackTskhinvali , the capital ofSouth Ossetia , starting the1991–92 South Ossetia War .[ 7] January 7 –1991 Haitian coup d'état : An attempted coup by theTonton Macoute , a paramilitary force under former dictatorJean-Claude Duvalier , is thwarted in Haiti.[ 8] democratically elected government .[citation needed January 9 January 12 – Gulf War: The102nd U.S. Congress passes aresolution authorizing the use ofmilitary force to expelIraqi forces fromKuwait .[ 12] January 13 –Singing Revolution :Soviet forces stormVilnius to stopLithuanian independence ,killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. InLatvia , aseries of confrontations between theLatvian government and theSoviet government take place inRiga .[ 13] [ 14] Estonia andLatvia vote for independence on March 3.[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] January 15 January 16 – Gulf War:Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes againstIraq .[ 20] [ 21] January 17 January 18 –Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4,Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.[ 27] [ 28] January 22 – Gulf War: TheBritish Army SAS patrol,Bravo Two Zero , is deployed in Iraq.[ 29] January 24 – Thegovernment of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement withseparatist leaders fromBougainville Island , endingfighting that had gone on since1988 .[ 30] January 26 –President Siad Barre is overthrown, andSomalia enters acivil war . Three days later,Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.[ 31] [ 32] January 29 February 1 February 6 - A Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker was involved in an accident when two engines on the left wing detached from the aircraft. The pilots managed to execute an emergency landing saving all four crew members onboard. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.February 7 February 11 – TheUnrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed inThe Hague , Netherlands.[ 43] February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs"destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad , killing hundreds of Iraqis.US military intelligence claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as abomb shelter .[ 44] February 15 – TheVisegrád Group , establishing cooperation to move towardfree-market systems , is established by the leaders ofCzechoslovakia ,Hungary , andPoland .[ 45] February 18 – TheProvisional Irish Republican Army explodesbombs in the early morning , at bothPaddington station andVictoria station , in London.[ 46] February 20 –President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government ofPrime Minister Adil Çarçani and appointsFatos Nano as the next prime minister in an effort to stempro-democracy protests .[ 47] [ 48] [ 49] February 22 – Gulf War:Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.February 23 – InThailand , GeneralSunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime MinisterChatichai Choonhavan in abloodless coup d'état .[ 50] [ 51] February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an IraqiScud missile hits an American military barracks inDhahran , Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.[ 52] [ 53] February 26 – Gulf War: OnBaghdad radio , Iraqi leaderSaddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers setfire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.[ 54] [ 55] February 27 1991 Bangladesh Cyclone Mount Pinatubo TheWarsaw radio mast after its collapse onAugust 8 August 19 : The coup attempt in MoscowAugust 1 –Israel agrees to participate in theMadrid Conference of 1991 , which opens on October 30.August 4 – The cruise linerMTS Oceanos coast of South Africa , leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board bySAAF helicopters.[ 197] [ 198] August 6 –Tim Berners-Lee announces theWorld Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.[ 199] [ 200] August 7 – Former Iranianprime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb ofSuresnes .[ 201] August 8 – TheWarsaw radio mast , the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.[ 202] August 17 – The remains of thePrussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred inPotsdam , Germany.[ 203] [ 204] [ 205] August 17 –20 –Hurricane Bob hitsNorth Carolina andNew England , killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.[ 206] [ 207] [ 208] August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union:Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put underhouse arrest while vacationing inCrimea duringan attempted coup . Led byVice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside theparliament building . Gorbachev returns toMoscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.[ 209] [ 210] August 20 – Singing Revolution:Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed byLatvia the next day.Restored flag of Russia Map of the three Baltic states, in their flag colours. September 3 – InHamlet ,North Carolina ,a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.[ 222] [ 223] September 4 –Sverdlovsk 's name is restored to itspre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg . Two days later,Leningrad is renamedSt. Petersburg .[ 224] [ 225] September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: TheCongress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced bySupreme Soviet of the Soviet Union andState Council of the Soviet Union .[ 226] September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: TheRepublic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning aname dispute withGreece .September 11 September 15 – In theSwedish general election , theSocial Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation ofPrime Minister Ingvar Carlsson .[ 231] [ 232] September 17 –North Korea ,South Korea ,Estonia ,Latvia ,Lithuania , theMarshall Islands , andMicronesia join theUN .[ 233] September 19 –Ötzi the Iceman is found in theAlps .[ 234] [ 235] [ 236] September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union:Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27,Turkmenistan declares its independence.Kazakhstan follows suit onDecember 16 .September 21 –30 – Iraq disarmament crisis:IAEA inspectors discover files onIraq's hidden nuclear weapons program . Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until theUN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.[ 237] [ 238] September 22 – TheHuntington Library makes theDead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.[ 239] [ 240] [ 241] September 24 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers releaseJackie Mann after more than two years of captivity.[ 242] [ 243] September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of theFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement withPresident of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani , setting the stage for the end of the war.[ 244] [ 245] [ 246] September 27 – U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. TheSoviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.[ 247] September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of theAtlácatl Battalion is found guilty of the1989 murders of six Jesuits .[ 248] October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of theYugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik , beginning theSiege of Dubrovnik , which lasts until May 31, 1992.[ 249] [ 250] October 3 –November 2 – The1991 Rugby World Cup takes place in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and France and is won byAustralia who beatEngland inthe final .[ 251] October 3 –Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces theclosure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.[ 252] [ 253] October 4 –Carl Bildt succeedsIngvar Carlsson asPrime Minister of Sweden .[ 254] October 6 –President Gorbachev condemnsantisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of theBabi Yar massacres , which saw the death of35,000 Jews inUkraine duringWWII .[ 255] [ 256] October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: TheYugoslav Air Force bombs the office ofCroatian President Franjo Tuđman , causing theCroatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the following day.[ 257] October 11 October 12 –Askar Akayev is confirmed as the firstpresident of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.[ 262] [ 263] October 13 – In theBulgarian parliamentary election , theUnion of Democratic Forces defeats theBulgarian Socialist Party , leaving no remainingCommunist governments inEastern Europe .[ 264] [ 265] October 15 October 16 –Luby's shooting : 23 people are killed at aLuby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas afterGeorge Hennard drives his truck through the establishment and begins firing at diners. It becomes thedeadliest mass shooting in U.S. history and wouldn't be surpassed until theVirginia Tech shooting .October 18 – TheSoviet Union restores itsdiplomatic relations withIsrael , which have been suspended since the1967 Six-Day War .[ 270] October 20 October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.[ 274] [ 275] October 23 – InParis , theVietnam -backed government of thestate of Cambodia signs an agreement with theKhmer Rouge to endthe civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in theCambodian genocide . The deal ends theCambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of theUN Transitional Authority in Cambodia .[ 276] [ 277] October 27 – The firstfree parliamentary elections inPoland since1928 are held.[ 278] October 28 –November 4 – The1991 Perfect Storm strikes thenortheastern U.S. coast andAtlantic Canada , causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.[ 279] [ 280] October 29 –NASA 'sGalileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to951 Gaspra , becoming the first probe to visit anasteroid .[ 281] [ 282] October 31 –November 3 – TheHalloween blizzard hits the U.S.Upper Midwest , killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.[ 283] [ 284] Symbol ofVukovar ;Croatian War of Independence December 8 : The signing of the agreement effectively ending the Soviet regime's existence and the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States.December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union:Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly forindependence from the Soviet Union in areferendum .[ 308] [ 309] December 4 December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In theBiałowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders ofRussia ,Belarus , andUkraine signan agreement officially ending theSoviet Union and establishing theCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.[ 313] [ 314] December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia:Croatian forceskill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village ofPaulin Dvor , Croatia.[ 315] December 12 December 15 – TheEgyptian ferrySalem Express Red Sea , killing more than 450 people.[ 319] [ 320] December 16 – TheUN General Assembly adoptsUN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 , repealing aprevious resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled thatZionism is a form ofracism .[ 321] December 19 December 21 – TheNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time.[ 324] December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch amilitary coup againstPresident of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia .[ 325] December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union:Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter toUN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , declaring thatRussia will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in theUnited Nations .[ 326] December 25 December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: TheSupreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves theSoviet Union , and adjournssine die Cold War . 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