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Norway–European Union relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bilateral relations
Norway–European Union relations
Map indicating locations of European Union and Norway

European Union
Norway
The Norwegian mission to the EU is located in the Norge House in Rue Archimède 17, Brussels.

Norway is not amember state of theEuropean Union (EU). It is associated with the Union through its membership in theEuropean Economic Area (EEA), signed in 1992 and established in 1994. Norway was a founding member of theEuropean Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960, which was originally set up as an alternative to theEuropean Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. Norway had considered joining both the EEC and the European Union, but opted to decline following referendums in1972 and1994. According to the European Social Survey conducted in 2018, 73.6% of Norwegians would vote 'No' in a referendum to join the European Union.[1] Norway shares land borders with two EU member states, namelyFinland andSweden, and maritime borders with a third,Denmark.

Comparison

[edit]
European UnionNorway
Population447,206,135[2]5,367,580
Area4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi)[3]385,207 km2 (148,729 sq mi)
Population Density115/km2 (300/sq mi)13.9/km2 (36.0/sq mi)
CapitalBrussels (de facto)Oslo
GovernmentSupranationalparliamentarydemocracy based on theEuropean treaties[4]Unitaryparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchy
Current LeaderCouncil PresidentAntónio Costa
Commission PresidentUrsula von der Leyen		MonarchHarald V
Prime MinisterJonas Gahr Støre
Official languages24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English,French andGerman)[5]Norwegian,Sámi languages
Main Religions72% Christianity (48%Catholicism, 12%Protestantism,
8%Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity),
23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2%Islam		82%Christian,
13% Non-Religious,
5% Other
Ethnic groupsGermans (ca. 83 million),[6] French (ca. 67 million),
Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million),
Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 18 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million),
Portuguese (ca. 11 million),and others		86.2%Norwegian, 13.8% non-Norwegian
GDP (nominal)$16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita$443 billion, $82,711 per capita

Trade

[edit]

The EU dominates Norway's trade and is Norway's most important import and export partner. On the other hand, Norway is the EU's fourth most important import partner and seventh most important export partner. In 2008, Norway's exports to the EU amounted to €91.85 billion, with most of this value coming from energy supplies and other primary products (only 14.1% were manufactured products). Meanwhile, Norwegian imports from the EU amounted to €43.58 billion, with most of this value coming from manufactured products.[7]

European Economic Area (EEA)

[edit]
Main article:European Economic Area

The EEA agreement grants Norway access to the EU'ssingle market. From the 23,000 EU laws currently in force,[8] the EEA has incorporated around 5,000 (in force)[9] meaning that Norway is subject to roughly 21% of EU laws. According to Norway's Foreign Affairs (NOU 2012:2 p. 790, 795), from the legislative acts implemented from 1994 to 2010, 70% of EU directives and 17% of EU regulations in force in the EU in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010.[10][need quotation to verify] Overall, this means that about 28% of EU legislation in force of these two types in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. While theNorwegian parliament has to approve all new legislation that has "significant new obligations", this has been widely supported and usually uncontested; between 1992 and 2011, 92% of EU laws were approved unanimously, and most of the rest by a broad majority.[11]

This arrangement facilitates the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people between the EU and EFTA members, including Norway.[11] Free movement of goods means freedom from customs fees, where however, food and beverage are excluded (because those aresubsidised by the EU). Due to customs fees, fishing and agriculture incur over €100 million of tariffs annually. Joining the European Union as a full member would eliminate these fees and lead to lowerfood prices in Norway. Farmers and the fishing industry oppose this as it would create additional competition for domestic producers.[12] Free movement of people meansfreedom of movement for workers between Norway and EU, and that Norway is a part of theSchengen Area.[11]

Norway has been granted participation rights (save voting rights) in several of the Union's programmes, bodies, and initiatives.[13] These include security and defence areas like theEuropean Defence Agency, theNordic Battle Group,Frontex,Europol and theEuropean Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Whether or not the country should apply for full membership has been one of the most dominant and divisive issues in modern Norwegian political debate.[citation needed]

Norway's total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects and partly made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants).[13][14] EEA EFTA states fund their participation in programmes and agencies by an amount corresponding to the relative size of their gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the GDP of the whole EEA. The EEAEFTA participation is hence on an equal footing withEU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget. In 2008, Norway's contribution was €188 million. Throughout the programme period 2007–2013, the Norwegian contribution will increase substantially in parallel with the development of the EU programme budget, from €130 million in 2007 to €290 million in 2013. For the EEA and Norway Grants from 2004 to 2009, Norway provided almost €1.3 billion.[15][16]

History

[edit]

In 1962,Norway applied for membership in theEuropean Economic Community (EEC) with Ireland as well as fellow EFTA members Denmark and the United Kingdom having applied to join the previous year. WhenFrance rebuffed the United Kingdom's application the following year, accession negotiations with Norway and the other countries were also suspended because of their strong economic ties. This happened again in 1967.[17]

Norway completed its negotiations for the terms to govern a Norwegian membership in the EEC on 22 January 1972. Following an overwhelming parliamentary majority in favour of joining the EEC in early 1972, the government decided to put the question to a popularreferendum, scheduled for 24 and 25 September.[18] The result was that 53.5% voted against membership and 46.5% for it.[17] TheNorwegian Labour Party government led byTrygve Bratteli resigned over the outcome of the referendum, and a coalition government led byLars Korvald took over.[19]

Norway entered a trade agreement with the Community following the referendum's outcome. That trade agreement continued until Norway joined theEuropean Economic Area on 1 January 1994.[20]

On 28 November 1994, asecond referendum was held, narrowing the margin but yielding the same result: 52.2% opposed membership and 47.8% in favour, with a turn-out of 88.6%.[21] There are currently no plans to resume their current application, which is currently frozen.

Norway was an associate member of theWestern European Union until the organisation terminated in 2011.

European Union membership debate

[edit]
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Constitution
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Countries that could join the European Union
  Current members
  Candidate countries
  Applicant / potential candidate countries
  Membership possible
  Membership not possible

Norway's application for EU membership has been frozen, but not withdrawn. It could be resumed at any time following renewed domestic political will.

A major issue for Norway is its fishing resources, which are a significant part of thenational economy and which would come under theCommon Fisheries Policy if Norway were to accede to the EU. Norway has highGNP per capita and would have to pay a high membership fee. The country has a limited amount of agriculture and few underdeveloped areas, which means that Norway would receive little economic support from the EU. However, as of 2009[update], Norway has chosen to opt into many EU projects, and since its total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects, and a part made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants),[13][22] its participation is on an equal footing with that ofEU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget.

Because these positions significantly cut across ideological boundaries, various political parties have dealt with the issue differently. TheCentre Party has maintained the most principled stand against membership, and though parties such as theNorwegian Conservative Party and theNorwegian Labour Party support membership in their platform, they allow for a minority to oppose it. Most dramatically, theNorwegian Liberal Party split over the issue in 1972 at the famed party conference inRøros and did not reunite until 1989.

The EU membership issue crosses Norwegian politics's traditional left–right axis. Since the Labour Party lost its dominance in Norwegian politics, all governments have been a coalition of several political parties. Because the issue almost certainly would break up any conceivable government coalition (except perhaps agrand coalition of Labour and the Conservatives), no government has raised the subject, and no opposition party has stated any desire to do so either.

Disagreements on this issue have created divisiveness within families and local communities. Although there is a general pattern that urban communities favour membership and rural communities do not, there have been vocal minorities in every area of Norway.

Complicating the matter has been that a great variety of political and emotional factors have been raised in the debate. Opponents of EU membership on the left do so because of opposition to conservative economic and political forces that concern them within Europe; opponents on the right are concerned about an infringement on Norwegian culture; and others are opposed in principle to compromising Norwegian sovereignty. On 9 April 2022,Governing Mayor of OsloRaymond Johansen hoped that it was the time for EU membership debate, stating, "The EU is not only our best guarantor of peace and democracy. It is also the best answer we have to many of the challenges facing Norwegian society."[23]

Norwegian political parties' positions

[edit]

Currently, parties supporting or opposing EU membership are to be found in both right-wing and left-wing coalitions: as a result, most governments contain pro- and anti-EU elements. To avoid further debates concerning EU membership, anti-EU parties usually require "suicide paragraphs" in government coalition agreements, meaning that if any party in the coalition officially begins a new debate on EU membership, the coalition government will be dissolved. This has been true for both the previous centre-rightBondevik government and the centre-leftStoltenberg government.

Norwegianparliamentary political parties' position[24]
PartyPosition onEU membershipPosition onEEA membership
LabourSupportSupport
ConservativeSupportSupport
ProgressOpposedSupport
CentreOpposedOpposed
Socialist LeftOpposedOpposed
LiberalSupportSupport
Christian DemocraticOpposedSupport
GreenSupportSupport
RedOpposedOpposed
Patient Focus (Norway)UnknownUnknown

Opinion polling

[edit]
Norway EU membership polls since 2002

On average, Norwegian voters oppose Norwegian membership in the European Union. The average polling results since 2022 indicate that around 55% of Norwegian voters oppose EU membership, although the most recent polling has shown this fall under 50% (see below).

According to 2023 polling data, most voters remain opposed to EU membership. However, many Norwegians are changing their position on future membership due to theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[25] This trend has continued and after both opponents and supports of Norwegian EU membership reached the same level of approximately 40%, 63% of Norwegians now say they want another referendum on EU membership.[26]

Polls on Norwegian membership of the European Union
Dates
conducted		PollsterSupportOpposedRef.
Apr 2025Sentio33,2%41,8%[27]
Apr 2025Opinion41%48%[28]
Mar 2025Norstat37%43%[29]
Mar 2025Respons35%45%[30]
Mar 2025Opinion40%49%[31]
Feb 2025Opinion33%53%[32]
Nov 2024Opinion34,9%46,7%[33]
Nov 2023Opinion31%52%[34]
Aug 2023Opinion35%54%[35]
Apr 2023Sentio33%56%[36]
Feb 2023Opinion31%53%[37]
Nov 2022Sentio27.2%55.8%[38]
Jun 2022Sentio35.3%48.8%[39]
Mar 2022Norstat26%53%[40]
Nov 2019Sentio28%60%[41]
Jun 2018Sentio22%67%[42]
Aug 2016Ipsos MMI16%66%[43]
Jun 2016Sentio19.6%70.9%[44]
Dec 2015Sentio18.1%72.0%[45]
Aug 2014Sentio17.8%70.5%[46]
Jan 2013Sentio18.7%70.8%[47]
Jul 2012Sentio17.2%74.8%[48]
Oct 2011Sentio18.6%70.8%[49]
Oct 2011Synovate12%72%[50]
Jul 2011Sentio20.1%68.8%[51]
Jul 2011Sentio17.1%73.4%[51]
May 2011Response29%71%[52]
Jan 2011Sentio22.5%65.9%[53]
Sep 2010Sentio24.9%64.9%[54]
Aug 2010Sentio26%62%[55]
Jul 2010Sentio25.3%66.1%[56]
Jul 2010Norstat25%66%[57]
May 2010Sentio30.3%56.9%[58]
May 2010Response26%62%[59]
May 2010Norstat32.3%55%[60]
Apr 2010Sentio36.3%50.1%[61]
Feb 2010Sentio33%53.4%[62]
Nov 2009Sentio42%58%[63]
Oct 2009Sentio41.4%45.6%[64]
Sep 2009Sentio35%52.2%[65]
Jun 2009Norstat40.6%50.3%[66]
May 2009Response42%58%[67]
May 2009Norstat38.6%49%[66]
Apr 2009Sentio34.9%53.3%[68]
Mar 2009Sentio33%54.9%[69]
Feb 2009Sentio35.1%54.7%[70]
Jan 2009Sentio32.5%52.8%[71]
Dec 2008Sentio37.5%50.7%[71]
May 2008Response40%60%[72]
Nov 2007Response42%58%[72]
Apr 2007Response45%55%[72]
Nov 2006Response41%59%[72]
Sep 2006Response45%55%[72]
May 2006Response45%55%[72]
Jun 2005Sentio36%51%[73]
Sep 2003Sentio37%38%[74]

Norway's foreign relations with EU member states

[edit]

Diplomatic relations between Norway and EU member states

[edit]
CountryNorwegian embassyReciprocal embassyNotes
 AustriaViennaOsloNorwegian Permanent Mission toOSCE inVienna
 BelgiumBrusselsOsloNorwegian Mission to theEU and Permanent Delegation toNATO inBrussels
 BulgariaSofiaOslo
 CroatiaZagrebOslo
 CyprusNicosiaOslo
 Czech RepublicPragueOslo
 DenmarkCopenhagenOslo
 EstoniaTallinnOslo
 FinlandHelsinkiOslo
 FranceParisOsloNorwegian Mission toOECD andUNESCO inParis. and inCouncil of Europe inStrasbourg
 GermanyBerlin
Consulate General: Hamburg
Consulate: Düsseldorf		Oslo
 GreeceAthensOslo
 HungaryBudapestOslo
 IrelandDublinOslo
 ItalyRomeOslo
 LatviaRigaOslo
 LithuaniaVilniusOslo
 LuxembourgLuxembourg CityOslo
 MaltaVallettaOslo
 NetherlandsThe Hague
Consulate General: Rotterdam		Oslo
 PolandWarsawOslo
 PortugalLisbonOslo
 RomaniaBucharestOslo
 SlovakiaBratislavaOslo
 SloveniaLjubljanaOslo
 SpainMadrid
Consulate General: Barcelona
Consulate: Alicante		Oslo
 SwedenStockholmOslo

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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External links

[edit]

Norwegian government

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NGOs related to the question of membership

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