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| Norton Commander | |
|---|---|
 Norton Commander v.5.51 for DOS. Note the long file names present when running on Windows. | |
| Original author | John Socha |
| Initial release | 1986; 39 years ago (1986) |
| Final release | 5.51 / 1 July 1998; 27 years ago (1998-07-01) |
| Written in | C, assembly |
| Operating system | MS-DOS |
| Type | File manager |
| License | Commercialproprietary software |
Norton Commander (NC) is a discontinued prototypicalorthodox file manager (OFM), written byJohn Socha and released byPeter Norton Computing (later acquired in 1990 by theSymantec corporation). NC provides atext-based user interface for managing files on top ofMS-DOS. It was officially produced between 1986 and 1998. The last MS-DOS version of Norton Commander, 5.51, was released on July 1, 1998.
A related product,Norton Desktop, a graphicalshell for MS-DOS and Windows, succeeded Norton Commander. It came in two variants,Norton Desktop for DOS andNorton Desktop for Windows.
I started work on what became known as the Norton Commander in the fall of 1984 while I was still a graduate student in Applied Physics at Cornell University. The first versions were entirely in assembly language, but that was too time-consuming, so I soon switched to a blend of C and assembly language at a time when most "real programmers" wouldn't touch C.
— John Socha described his work on NC[1]
John Socha started work on Norton Commander in 1984; at the time, he called it "Visual DOS" or "VDOS".[1]
Norton Commander was easy to use because it had a constant view of two file manipulation objects at once. After starting the program the user sees two panels with file lists. Each panel can be easily configured to show information about the other panel, adirectory tree, or a number of other options. At the bottom of the screen, Norton Commander displays a list of commands that are extended on demand by theCTRL andALT keys. Thus, without heavy use of the mouse (although mouse functionality was integrated around version 3.0), the user is able to perform many file manipulation actions quickly and efficiently. Additionally, it also includes a built-in text file viewer (invoked with F3 key) and text file editor (invoked with F4 key).
Norton Commander was very popular during the DOS era and it has been extensively cloned. For example, theIntelliJ IDE used to include a "Commander" plugin that performed file manipulation using the same shortcut keys as Norton Commander[2] but the plugin is now obsolete.[3]
Windows 95 included a new graphical shell calledWindows Explorer and supportedlong filenames (LFN). Symantec released Norton Commander 5.51 to support long filenames using the standard WindowsAPIs. In order to preserve LFNs while working inreal mode, Norton Commander 5.51 required the use of aterminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) utility. Norton Commander did not have native support for LFNs in real mode and would truncate them.
According to former Peter Norton Group developer Mark Lawler, after Symantec had acquired Peter Norton Computing, Symantec had speculated Microsoft Windows would be a success, so the key PNC resources had been diverted, while new programmers for the Windows platform were hired.Enrique Salem (who eventually became Symantec's CEO) led the development of a Windows shell replacement forWindows File Manager andProgram Manager released as Norton Desktop for Windows.
Norton Commander for Windows was a Windows 95 variant of the classical DOS file manager.
Version 1.0 was first released in 1996. It supported both Windows 95 andWindows NT.
This version fully integrated with Windows features such as theRecycle Bin andQuick View. Quick View feature was supported via the included basic Quick View Plus.
Version 1.02 addedWindows 98 support.
Version 2.0 was released in 2000. It supportsWindows 2000 and functions underWindows XP,Windows Vista, andWindows 7. Installer included Network Utilities, Norton Commander Scheduler, and the Norton Commander.
Network Utilities allows for viewing devices and systems on network, connecting to remote systems, mappingnetwork drives, network monitoring, and more.
Norton Commander is little changed from previous versions, and includesfile compression/de-compression of various formats, network utilities access, disk cleanup, files and folder compare,FTP connection management, and more.
The last Windows version of Norton Commander was 2.01.
Version 1.0 was released in December 1992. It supportsOS/2 2.0 withHPFS orFAT file system.
It does not include thecommand prompt found in other versions of Norton Commander.
In June 1993, Symantec lowered the price of Norton Commander for OS/2 to $49, and soon ceased sales.[citation needed]
InfoWorld in January 1988 noted that Norton Commander version 1.0 had not changed since its introduction but was still "way ahead of the pack". The magazine cited its speed, small memory use, ability to compare two directories at once, and intuitive user interface without adirectory tree.[4]BYTE in January 1989 listed Norton Commander 2.0 for DOS as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that "navigating through a crowded hard disk is a breeze".[5]
There are many programs that follow the style of Norton Commander as created by John Socha. Examples are:
As John Socha recollected the events (personal communication): 'I started work on what became known as the Norton Commander in the fall of 1984 ... At the time I called it Visual DOS, with the abbreviation of VDOS instead of the usual two-letter abbreviations used at the time.'
