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Northland Region

Coordinates:35°35′S173°58′E / 35.58°S 173.97°E /-35.58; 173.97
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Region of New Zealand
This article is about the region of New Zealand. For other uses, seeNorthland (disambiguation).

Region in North Island, New Zealand
Northland Region
Te Tai Tokerau
Landscape viewed from Parua Bay
Landscape viewed from Parua Bay
Motto: 
Our Northland – together we thrive
CountryNew Zealand
IslandNorth Island
SeatWhangārei
Government
 • TypeRegional council
 • BodyNorthland Regional Council
 • ChairPenny Smart
 • Deputy ChairJustin Blaikie
Area
 • Total
13,789 km2 (5,324 sq mi)
 • Land12,507.89 km2 (4,829.32 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2024)[1]
 • Total
204,800
 • Density15/km2 (38/sq mi)
GDP
 • TotalNZ$9.321 billion (2021) (10th)
 • Per capitaNZ$46,611 (2021)
HDI (2022)0.900[3]
very high ·14th
Websitewww.nrc.govt.nz
Population density for Northland in the 2023 census

Northland (Māori:Te Tai Tokerau), officially theNorthland Region,[4][5] is the northernmost of New Zealand's 16local government regions. New Zealanders sometimes refer to it as the Winterless North because of its mild climate all throughout the year. The major population centre is the city ofWhangārei, and the largest town isKerikeri. At the2018 New Zealand census, Northland recorded a population growth spurt of 18.1% since the previous2013 census, placing it as the fastest growing region in New Zealand, ahead of other strong growth regions such as theBay of Plenty region (2nd with 15%) andWaikato (3rd with 13.5%).[6][7]

Geography

[edit]
See also:Geology of the Northland region

The Northland region occupies the northern 80% (265 kilometres (165 miles)) of the 330 kilometres (210 miles)Northland Peninsula, the southernmost part of which is in theAuckland region.[8] It is bounded to the west by theTasman Sea, and to the east by the Pacific Ocean. The land is predominantly rolling hill country. Farming and forestry occupy over half of the land and are two of the region's main industries.[8]

Although many of the region'skauri forests were felled during the 19th century, some areas still exist where this rare giant grows tall. New Zealand's largest tree,Tāne Mahuta, stands in theWaipoua Forest[9] south of theHokianga Harbour. These kauri forests are also home toTe Raupua at 781 metres (2,562 ft), the highest point in the region. Northland has many endemic plant and invertebrate species[10] such as the endangered snail pūpū harakeke (Placostylus ambagiosus),stick insects and the Northland green tree gecko (Naultinus grayii).[11]

The western coast is dominated by several long straight beaches, the most famous of which is the inaccurately-named 88 km stretch ofNinety Mile Beach in the region's far north. The slightly longerRipiro Beach lies further south. Two large inlets are also located on this coast, the massiveKaipara Harbour in the south, which Northland shares with the Auckland region, and the convoluted inlets of the Hokianga Harbour.

The east coast is more rugged, and is dotted with bays and peninsulas. Several large natural harbours are found on this coast, fromParengarenga close to the region's northern tip, thenWhangaroa Harbour, and past the famousBay of Islands down to Whangārei Harbour, on the shores of which is situated the largest population centre. Numerous islands dot this coast, notably theCavalli Islands, theHen and Chicken Islands,Aorangaia Island and thePoor Knights Islands.

The northernmost points of the North Island mainland lie at the top of Northland. These include several points often confused in the public mind as being the country's northernmost points:Cape Maria van Diemen,Spirits Bay,Cape Reinga, andNorth Cape. The northernmost point of theNorth Island is actually theSurville Cliffs, close to North Cape although the northernmost point of the country is further north, in theKermadec chain of islands. Cape Reinga and Spirits Bay, however, have a symbolic part to play as the end of the country. InMāori mythology, it is from here that the souls of the dead depart on their journey to the afterlife.

Climate

[edit]

Northland has anoceanic climate (Cfb in theKöppen climate classification), but asubtropical climate in theTrewartha climate classification, with warm humid summers and mild wet winters. Due to its latitude and low elevation, it has the country's highest average annual temperature,[12] although, as with other parts of New Zealand, the weather is changeable. In summer, maximum temperatures range from 22 °C to 26 °C, not often rising above 30 °C. In winter, maximum temperatures vary between 14 °C and 17 °C,[13] while minima vary between 7 °C and 12 °C.

Ground frosts are rare due to the region being encircled by the moderating Pacific and Tasman waters, but light frosts do occur infrequently aroundDargaville in the lowlands.[12] The hottest months are January and February. In January 2009, excessive sunlight hours and below-average rainfall resulted in the region being declared a drought zone.[14]

Typical annual rainfall for the region is 1500–2000 mm but varies at different altitudes.[15] Northland has an average of 2000 sunshine hours annually.[16] Winds are predominantly from the southwest. Occasionally in summer, the region experiences stormy conditions from former tropical cyclones,[13] which generally become much weaker once they leave tropical latitudes.

Government

[edit]

The Northland region has been governed by the present Northland Regional Council since 1989.[17] The seat of the council is inWhangārei.

Regional council members represent 8 constituencies: Far North, Bay of Islands-Whangaroa, Mid North, Coastal Central, Coastal South, Whangārei City, Kaipara and Te Raki.

There are threeterritorial authorities in the region:

Until 1989 Northland was governed by several councils and an earlier Northland Regional Council known as the Northland United Council.[17] (It had been part ofAuckland Province from 1853 until government was centralised in 1876. Long after Auckland Province ceased, the region continued to be known as North Auckland.)[18] In 1989, Kaitaia Borough,Mangonui County,Whangaroa County,Bay of Islands County,Hokianga County, and Kaikohe Borough were amalgamated to become theFar North District. Whangarei City, Whangarei County, and Hikurangi Town Councils became theWhangarei District, with Dargaville Borough and Otamatea County becoming theKaipara District. The Northland Regional Council became a tier of local government above these territorial authorities.

A proposal to merge the three district councils and the regional council into a unitary authority to be known as the Northland Council was rejected by the Local Government Commission in June 2015.[19]

Timeline of councillors

[edit]
Constituency198919901991199219931994199519961997[20]199819992000[21]2001[22]200220032004[23]200520062007[24]200820092010[25]201120122013[26]201420152016[27]201720182019[28]202020212022[29]20232024[30]2025
ONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
Far North[a]missing infoRobin ShepherdIan Walker[31]Monty KnightMike FinlaysonColin TossJoe Carr
Hokianga-Kaikohe[b]Jim PetersJoe CarrJustin Blaikieabolished
Bay of Islands-Whangaroa[c]missing infoDover SamuelsLorraine HillBronwyn HuntBill ShepardMarty Robinson
Kaiparamissing infoMark FarnsworthGraeme RamsayPenny SmartJohn Blackwell
Mid North[d]missing infoPeter JensenTony Davies-ColleyDover SamuelsJocelyn YeomanGeoff Crawford
Coastal Central[e]missing infoDerek KeeneBill RossiterPaul DimeryAmy Macdonald
Coastal South[f]Rod McKayCraig BrownRick Stolwerk
Whangārei Urban[g]Joyce RyanBriar SnellingStan SemonoffJohn Bain[32]Terry Archerabolished
Whangārei Central[h]David SinclairJack Craw
Te Raki MāoriTui Shortland
Te Raki MāoriPeter-Lucas Jones

Demography

[edit]

Northland region covers 12,507.14 km2 (4,829.03 sq mi)[33] and had an estimated population of 204,800 as of June 2024,[1] with a population density of 16 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1991126,786—    
1996137,052+1.57%
2001140,133+0.45%
2006148,470+1.16%
2013151,689+0.31%
2018179,076+3.38%
2023194,007+1.61%
Source:[34][35][36]
Mature kauri tree (Agathis australis)

Northland region had a population of 194,007 in the2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 14,931 people (8.3%) since the2018 census, and an increase of 42,318 people (27.9%) since the2013 census. There were 95,697 males, 97,776 females and 528 people ofother genders in 71,778 dwellings.[37] 2.4% of people identified asLGBTIQ+. The median age was 43.2 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 38,067 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 29,856 (15.4%) aged 15 to 29, 83,790 (43.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 42,288 (21.8%) aged 65 or older.[34]

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 73.0%European (Pākehā); 37.4%Māori; 4.9%Pasifika; 4.8%Asian; 0.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.3% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 97.0%, Māori language by 10.1%, Samoan by 0.4% and other languages by 7.1%. No language could be spoken by 1.9% (e.g. too young to talk).New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 16.9, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 31.2%Christian, 0.7%Hindu, 0.2%Islam, 3.8%Māori religious beliefs, 0.5%Buddhist, 0.5%New Age, 0.1%Jewish, and 1.2% other religions. People who answered that they hadno religion were 54.2%, and 7.8% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 20,514 (13.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 87,414 (56.1%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 41,562 (26.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $33,100, compared with $41,500 nationally. 11,367 people (7.3%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 67,788 (43.5%) people were employed full-time, 21,735 (13.9%) were part-time, and 5,469 (3.5%) were unemployed.[34]

Māori refer to Northland – and by extension its Māori people – as Te Taitokerau (the northern tide) andMāori language and traditions are strong there.[38] Major tribal groups includeNgāpuhi,Te Aupōuri,Te Rarawa,Ngāti Kahu,Ngāti Kurī andNgāti Whātua.[39] Several of these tribes form a loose association known as theMuriwhenua.[40]

Approximately one third of the region's population are Māori; the majority of the remainder is of European lineage. Compared to the rest of the country, Pacific Islanders are under-represented in Northland.[41] Although most of the region's European population are British (as is true with the rest of the country), certain other ethnicities are represented as well. These include a sizeableCroatian community from the Dargaville area north, particularly aroundKaitaia.[42]

Largest groups of overseas-born residents[43]
NationalityPopulation (2018)
England8,607
Australia3,429
South Africa1,923
India1,365
United States1,059
Philippines1,014
Netherlands957
Germany909
Scotland804
Fiji729

Urban areas

[edit]

Northland is New Zealand's least urbanised region, with 50% of the population of 204,800 living in urban areas. Whangārei is the largest urban area of Northland, with a population of 56,800 (June 2024).[1] The region's population is largely concentrated along the east coast, due to the west coast being more rugged and less suitable for urbanisation.

Urban areaPopulation
(June 2024)[1]		% of region
Whangārei56,80027.7%
Kerikeri8,3604.1%
Kaitaia6,3803.1%
Dargaville5,2302.6%
Kaikohe4,8902.4%
One Tree Point3,3901.7%
Ruakākā2,9901.5%
Mangawhai Heads2,8501.4%
Moerewa2,1001.0%
Hikurangi1,8000.9%
Opua1,6900.8%
Paihia1,6900.8%
Kawakawa1,6300.8%
Waipu1,3500.7%
Ngunguru1,2400.6%
Haruru1,2300.6%

History

[edit]
Kerikeri, Bay of Islands.Stone Store (left), St James (rear), and the country's oldest surviving building,Mission House (right).

According to Māori legend, the North Island of New Zealand was an enormous fish, caught by the demigodMāui. For this reason, Northland is sometimes referred to as "The tail of the fish",Te Hiku o Te Ika.

Northlandiwi claim thatKupe made landfall at the Hokianga (although others claim this was at Taipa) in the northwest of Northland, and thus the region claims that it was the birthplace of New Zealand. Some of the oldest traces of Māorikāinga (fishing villages) can be found here.

If the Māori regard the region as the legendary birthplace of the country, there can be no doubt that it was the European starting-point for the modern nation of New Zealand. Traders,whalers andsealers were among the first arrivals, and thegum and timber of the mighty kauri trees brought more colonisers.

In the Bay of Islands,Russell, formerly known as Kororareka, was the first permanent European settlement andKerikeri contains many historic buildings, including theStone Store, New Zealand's oldest extant building. The nearby settlement ofWaitangi was of even more significance, as the signing place of New Zealand's founding document, theTreaty of Waitangi between the Māori tribes and the British Crown, on 6 February 1840.

Between 1870 and 1920, the major industry in Northland waskauri gum digging, which by the 1910s was centred around the townships ofAhipara andHouhora.[44]

Economy

[edit]

The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Northland was estimated at NZ$7.86 billion in the year to March 2019, 2.6% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per capita was estimated at $42,104 in 2019, the lowest of all New Zealand regions. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $984 million (13.1%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $1.59 billion (21.2%), service industries contributed $4.30 billion (57.1%), and taxes and duties contributed $645 million (8.6%)[45]

Fence on a sheep farm

The region's economy is based on agriculture (notably beef cattle and sheep), fishing,forestry, andhorticulture. Northland has 4,423 hectares (10,930 acres) of horticultural land as of 2017. Significant crops includeavocadoes,kumara,kiwifruit,citrus fruit andolives.[46][47]

Extensive forests are a feature of the Northland landscape. For this reason wood andpaper manufacturing industries also make a large contribution to the region's economy.[46] The railway system, which once ran as far north asOkaihau, has been historically important for the transport of timber to Auckland.

Northland is a favourite tourist destination, especially to the Bay of Islands and the historic town of Kerikeri.Diving and fishing are also popular visitor activities, especially around the Bay of Islands and thePoor Knights Islands.

Northland was formerly home to New Zealand's only oil refinery, located inMarsden Point, a town, close to Whangārei across the harbour. New Zealand's natural fuel resources inTaranaki account for a little under half of the refinery's intake, with the rest coming predominantly from the Middle East. The nearbyMarsden A thermal power station originally utilisedheavy oil from the refinery for electricity production, but no longer does so.[48]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article:List of people from the Northland region

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Te Hiku from 2013 to 2022
  2. ^Far North before 2013
  3. ^Coastal North from 2013 to 2022, Far North before 2013
  4. ^Coastal North from 2013 to 2022, Whangarei before 2013
  5. ^Whangarei before 2013
  6. ^Whangarei before 2013
  7. ^Whangarei before 2013
  8. ^Whangārei Urban before 2022

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcd"Aotearoa Data Explorer".Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved26 October 2024.
  2. ^"Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2022".Statistics New Zealand. 24 March 2023. Retrieved4 April 2023.
  3. ^"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab".hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved18 February 2023.
  4. ^"Northland Region".New Zealand Gazetteer.Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved30 January 2025.
  5. ^"The Local Government (Northland Region) Reorganisation Order 1989".New Zealand Gazette:2392. 9 June 1989 – viaNew Zealand Legal Information Institute.
  6. ^"Northern regions lead population growth".www.stats.govt.nz. Stats NZ. 23 September 2020. Retrieved27 November 2021.
  7. ^Ali, Imran (24 September 2018)."More than 27,000 people moved to Northland".NZ Herald. Retrieved8 September 2024.
  8. ^abOrange, Claudia (13 July 2012)."Northland region – Geography".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved5 July 2014.
  9. ^Hodsell, Peter; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu."Tāne Mahuta, Waipoua kauri forest".teara.govt.nz. Retrieved27 November 2021.
  10. ^Taylor-Smith, Briar; Morgan-Richards, Mary; Trewick, Steven A. (2019)."Patterns of regional endemism among New Zealand invertebrates".New Zealand Journal of Zoology.47:1–19.doi:10.1080/03014223.2019.1681479.ISSN 0301-4223.S2CID 208600157.
  11. ^Nielsen, Stuart V.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Jackman, Todd R.; Hitchmough, Rod A.; Daugherty, Charles H. (2011). "New Zealand geckos (Diplodactylidae): Cryptic diversity in a post-Gondwanan lineage with trans-Tasman affinities".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.59 (1):1–22.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.12.007.PMID 21184833.
  12. ^ab"Living in Northland". Northland District Health Board. 2 March 2009. Archived fromthe original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved15 February 2010.
  13. ^abOrange, Claudia (1 May 2015)."Northland region – Natural environment".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved7 February 2025.
  14. ^"Drought confirms Northland as NZ's hottest place in 2009".The Northern Advocate. 9 February 2010. Retrieved19 October 2015.
  15. ^Chappell, P. R. (2013)."The Climate and Weather of Northland"(PDF).niwa.co.nz.Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 February 2023.
  16. ^"NorthlandNZ – Climate". Destination Northland. Archived fromthe original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved15 February 2010.
  17. ^ab"The Local Government (Northland Region) Reorganisation Order 1989".New Zealand Gazette: 2391 ff. 9 June 1989.
  18. ^Franklin, Samuel Harvey (1966)."North Auckland region". InMcLintock, A. H. (ed.).An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved5 July 2014.
  19. ^"Proposal for single Northland council dumped". Radio New Zealand. 9 June 2015.
  20. ^"Who We Are".Northland Regional Council. Archived fromthe original on 12 February 1997. Retrieved31 October 2024.
  21. ^"Councillors".Northland Regional Council. Archived fromthe original on 2 May 2001. Retrieved31 October 2024.
  22. ^"New Chairman Elected For Northland Regional Council".Northland Regional Council. 1 November 2001. Archived fromthe original on 1 March 2002. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  23. ^"2004 Election Results".Northland Regional Council. 8 October 2004. Archived fromthe original on 11 October 2004. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  24. ^"Final Regional Council election results in".Northland Regional Council. 18 October 2007. Archived fromthe original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  25. ^"Final NRC Election Results in".Northland Regional Council via Scoop. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  26. ^"Declaration of Result of Election"(PDF).Northland Regional Council. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  27. ^"2016 Election results".Northland Regional Council. 2016. Archived fromthe original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  28. ^"2019 - Election results".Northland Regional Council. 2019. Retrieved15 October 2024.
  29. ^"Declaration of Results of Election"(PDF).Northland Regional Council. 8 October 2022. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 6 February 2023. Retrieved5 October 2024.
  30. ^"Your councillors".Northland Regional Council. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  31. ^"Te Hiku By-Election 2015".Northland Regional Council. Archived fromthe original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved30 October 2024.
  32. ^"2021 - Whangārei Urban by-election".Northland Regional Council. 2021. Retrieved15 October 2024.
  33. ^"ArcGIS Web Application".statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved6 October 2024.
  34. ^abc"Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Northland Region (01). Retrieved3 October 2024.
  35. ^"StatsMaps – 2013 Census population and dwelling map". Retrieved11 December 2013.
  36. ^"2001 Census: Regional summary".archive.stats.govt.nz. Archived fromthe original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved28 April 2020.
  37. ^"Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved3 October 2024.
  38. ^Orange, Claudia (2 March 2009)."Northland region – Overview".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved31 August 2011.
  39. ^"Te Taitokerau".Te Puni Kōkiri/Ministry for Māori Development. Retrieved31 August 2011.
  40. ^"Muriwhenua tribes".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  41. ^"Pacific Islanders and Asians among Northland's changing ethnic diversity".NZ Herald. Retrieved27 November 2021.
  42. ^"Croatian settlement in New Zealand".The Beehive. Retrieved27 November 2021.
  43. ^"Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". Statistics New Zealand.
  44. ^Hayward, Bruce W. (1989).Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers. The Bush Press. p. 43-44.ISBN 0-908608-39-X.
  45. ^"Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2019 | Stats NZ".www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved21 May 2020.
  46. ^abOrange, Claudia (2 February 2009)."Northland region – Farming and forestry".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved15 February 2010.
  47. ^"Fresh Facts: New Zealand Horticulture"(PDF).Plant & Food Research. 2018.ISSN 1177-2190.
  48. ^"Shareholders vote to close Marsden Point refinery, cutting 1 million tonnes CO2 emissions from NZ books".Newsroom. 6 August 2021. Retrieved27 November 2021.

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toNorthland Region.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forNorthland.
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* Governed by aunitary authority rather than a regional council
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35°35′S173°58′E / 35.58°S 173.97°E /-35.58; 173.97

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