 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Northern Indo-Aryan languages" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Northern Indo-Aryan | |
|---|---|
| Pahari | |
| Geographic distribution | Nepal and north-westernIndia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early forms | |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | indo1310 |
TheNorthern Indo-Aryan languages, also known asPahāṛi languages, are a proposed group ofIndo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of theHimalayas, fromNepal in the east, through theIndian states ofJammu and Kashmir,Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh andPunjab[1][2] (not to be confused with the variousother languages with that name) was coined byG. A. Grierson.[3][incomprehensible]
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.
| Khas-kura (Nepali) | Kumauni | Kashmiri | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | |
| I am | chhu | chhu | chik | chu | chus | ches |
| You are | chhas | chhes | chai | chi | chukh | chekh |
| He is | chha | chhe | ch | chi | chuh | cheh |
In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the rootach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit presentrcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle*rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice ofepenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence ofdisaspiration. Thus, Khassiknu, Kumaunisikno, but Hindisikhna, to learn; Kumauniyeso, pluralyasa, of this kind.
Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi)khata, eating, fern,khaiti. Very interesting is the mixed origin of thepostpositions defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is theSindhikhë. At other times it isjo, where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postpositionjo. In all Indo-Aryan languages, thedative postposition is by origin thelocative of somegenitive one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western andPisaca groups.[citation needed]
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahad' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be adialect continuum. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pahari".Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
