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North Australia

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Coordinates:20°48′23.07″S139°31′42.69″E / 20.8064083°S 139.5285250°E /-20.8064083; 139.5285250

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Former administrative regions of Australia

This article is about (1) the 1846 proclaimed colony of North Australia and (2) the part of theNorthern Territory of Australia administered as North Australia from 1927 to 1931. For northern regions of Australia in general, seeNorthern Australia.

North Australia was (1) the name of a briefly proclaimed but never established British colony and (2) a former part of theNorthern Territory of Australia administered as "North Australia".

Colony (1846–1847)

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Acolony of North Australia was briefly authorised by the British government byletters patent of 17 February 1846 but never established. The colony was to comprise that part of theColony of New South Wales that is now theNorthern Territory of Australia and that is now that part of the state ofQueensland lying north of the26th parallel. The colony was intended as a newpenal colony after the end oftransportation to the existing Australian colonies.^[1] Since 1822, whenJohn Bigge recommended the establishment of a convict settlement atPort Curtis (now the location ofGladstone, Queensland), the idea had been revived several times. As some difficulty was being experienced in finding work for time-expired convicts inVan Diemen's Land (Tasmania), it was decided to try the experiment of sending them to a new area and giving them land and a certain amount of government help.Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby andWilliam Ewart Gladstone, successive secretaries of state for the colonies, fathered the project.^[2]Charles Augustus FitzRoy, theGovernor of New South Wales, was to be the Governor and, in May 1846,Colonel George Barney was appointed to beLieutenant-Governor and Superintendent. Gladstone selected Barney as a man used to authority and with previous experience in Australia. Barney was dispatched and arrived in Sydney on 15 September 1846 on theWilliam Hyde. He quickly surveyed the coast in a small steamer, decided that Port Curtis was the most suitable place for a settlement and returned to Sydney. However, after a change of government ministries in Britain,Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey succeeded Gladstone, and he promptly vetoed the whole project and the letters patent authorising the colony were revoked in December 1846.^[2]

Report of the revocation did not reach Australia and Barney until 15 April 1847. On 8 January 1847, Barney, his family, various officials and 87 soldiers and convicts sailed on the chartered barqueLord Auckland. The ship arrived off the southern entrance of Port Curtis and ran aground on shoals off the southern tip ofFacing Island. On 30 January 1847, the (already revoked) colony of North Australia was proclaimed at Settlement Point on Facing Island and Barney was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor. The settlers spent seven weeks on Facing Island before being rescued by the supply shipThomas Lowry and delivered to the intended site of settlement, the region now known asBarney Point.^[3] There was much discomfort from the extreme summer heat. News of the revocation of the colony reached Barney and the party returned to Sydney.^[2] The convict settlement lasted barely two months and cost the British government £15,000.^[4]

The colony's intended role as a convict penal settlement attracted much criticism in theNew South Wales Legislative Council.^[5]^[6]

Territory (1927–1931)

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Further information:Central Australia (territory) § History

North Australia was a short-lived administrative area of theNorthern Territory of Australia.George Pearce,Minister for Home and Territories in the federal government in the 1920s, thought^{[citation needed]} that theNorthern Territory of Australia was too large, sparsely populated and disparate to be adequately administered as a whole. So, on 1 February 1927, under theNorthern Australia Act 1926 (Cth), administration the Northern Territory was split into two administrative areas,North Australia andCentral Australia, respectively above and below latitude 20° S.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] However, on 12 June 1931, administration of the Northern Territory reverted to a single area and administration.

References

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^HOGAN, J.F.: The Gladstone Colony. An Unwritten Chapter in Australian History. London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1898.https://archive.org/details/gladstonecolonyu00hogarich
^^a ^b ^cSerle, Percival (1949)."Barney, George".Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney:Angus & Robertson.
^"Local Heritage Register: Historical Context"(PDF).gladstone.qld.gov.au. Gladstone Regional Council. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 March 2017. Retrieved13 March 2017.
^MacGillivray, John.Narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley during the years 1846–50, including discoveries and surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, etc.OL 22887486M.
^History of Queensland borders before proclamation, The State of Queensland, retrieved 9 February 2007
^National Archives of Australia Archived 7 December 2006 at theWayback Machine – "Governor Darling's Commission 1825", retrieved 9 February 2007
^"Northern Australia Act 1926".Federal Register of Legislation. 4 June 1926. Retrieved4 December 2018.
^"RESIDENT GOVERNORS".Cairns Post (Qld. : 1909–1954). Qld.: National Library of Australia. 20 August 1926. p. 5. Retrieved12 July 2011.
^North Australia. Administration (1928). In Report on the administration of North Australia. Govt. Printer, Canberra
^Baillie, Jill (1990). Struggling to achieve the vision splendid: the North Australia Commission, 1926/ 1930. In Northern Perspective. 13 (2), 23–32.

Europe
Corsica 1794–1796 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800(integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 ^†Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus)
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
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New Albion 1579
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New Haven 1637–1662
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Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
Papua 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

States and territories of Australia

States

Territories

Internal
territories

Australian Capital Territory
Jervis Bay Territory
Northern Territory
Defunct:Central Australia (1927–31)
North Australia (1927–31)

External
territories

Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory¹ Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Defunct:Nauru (1920–68)² New Guinea (1920–49) Papua (1902–49) Papua and New Guinea (1949–75)
Indian Ocean Territories	Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands