 Anna Haag in the women's 10 km classic race at the2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo, Norway. | |
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Type | outdoors |
| Equipment | skis, skipoles |
| Presence | |
| Olympic | 1924 – present |
| Paralympic | 1976 – present |
Nordic skiing encompasses the various types ofskiing in which the toe of theski boot is fixed to thebinding in a manner that allows the heel to rise off theski,[1] unlikealpine skiing, where the boot is attached to the ski from toe to heel. Recreational disciplines includecross-country skiing andTelemark skiing.
Olympic events arecompetitive cross-country skiing,ski jumping andNordic combined — an event combining cross-country skiing and ski jumping. TheFIS Nordic World Ski Championships host these sports every odd-numbered year,[2] but there are also separate championships in other events, such as Telemark skiing[3] andski flying.Biathlon combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, but is not included as a Nordic discipline under the rules of theInternational Ski Federation (FIS). Instead, it comes under the jurisdiction of theInternational Biathlon Union.[4]
The biomechanics of competitive cross-country skiing and ski jumping have been the subject of serious study. Cross-country skiing requires strength and endurance and ski jumping requires aerodynamic efficiency, both of which requirements translate into specific skills[5]to be optimized in training and competition.[6]
Recreational skiing began with organized skiing exercises and races of the Norwegian and Swedish infantries. Military races and exercises included downhill in rough terrain, target practice while skiing downhill, and 3 km cross-country skiing with full military backpack.[7] Slalom (Norwegian:slalåm) is a word of Norwegian origin that has entered the international skiing vocabulary. In the 1800s skiers inTelemark challenged each other on "wild slopes" (ville låmir), more gentle slopes had the adjective "sla". Some races were on "bumpy courses" (kneikelåm) and sometimes included "steep jumps" (sprøytehopp) for difficulty. These 19th century races in Telemark ran along particularly difficult trails usually from a steep mountain, along timber-slides and ended with a sharp turn ("Telemark turn") on a field or icy lake.[8]
Skate skiing is a type of skiing where the skier pushes off the ground with their foot to gain speed. This technique was developed in the mid-1980s and since 1985 many races had different races for classic skiing and skate skiing due to the speed of skate skiing. Skate skiing uses many techniques for different terrains.
Classic skiing was the first type of skiing used. Classic skis use grips on the bottom of the ski for the skier to kick off of. This technique is considered slower than skate skiing.
Noted Nordic skiing resorts around the world include the following:[9]
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Nordic skiing definition.
The FIS World Championships in the Alpine, Nordic, Freestyle Skiing and Snowboard events are organised every uneven year.
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