The prize consists ofa medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. Thefront side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature.
The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicistWilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery ofX-rays. This award is administered by theNobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented inStockholm at an annual ceremony on the 10th of December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2024[update], a total of 226individuals have been awarded the prize.[2]
Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth should be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields ofphysics,chemistry,peace,physiology or medicine, and literature.[3] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[4][5] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 millionSwedishkronor (US$2.9 million, or €2.7 million in 2023), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[6] Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by theStorting (Norwegian Parliament).[7][8] The executors of his will wereRagnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.
The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed soon after the will was approved. The other prize-awarding organisations followed:Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, theSwedish Academy on 9 June, and theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[9][10] The Nobel Foundation then established guidelines for awarding the prizes. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by KingOscar II.[8][11] According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences would award the Prize in Physics.[11]
A maximum of threeNobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.[12] Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics.[13]
The Nobel laureates are selected by theNobel Committee for Physics, aNobel Committee that consists of five members elected byThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. During the first stage which begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential nomination forms. The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year. The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy, where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed. The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote.[14]
The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years.[15] While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in December. Prior to 1974,posthumous awards were permitted if the candidate had died after being nominated.[16]
The rules for the Nobel Prize in Physics require that the significance of achievements being recognized has been "tested by time". In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded toSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the discoverers have died by the time the impact of their work is appreciated.[17][18]
The medal for the Nobel Prize in Physics is identical in design to theNobel Prize in Chemistry medal.[20][21] The reverse of the physics and chemistry medals depicts theGoddess of Nature in the form ofIsis as she emerges from clouds holding acornucopia. The Genius of Science holds the veil which covers Nature's "cold and austere face".[21] It was designed byErik Lindberg and is manufactured by Svenska Medalj inEskilstuna.[21] It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts"), an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 of book 6 of theAeneid by the Roman poetVirgil.[22] A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." denoting the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is inscribed on the reverse.[21]
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of theKing of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it.[23] The diploma contains a picture with the name of the laureate and a citation explaining their accomplishments.[23]
At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from theNobel Foundation. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 millionSwedish Kronor (SEK) (US$1.4 million),[24] but in 2012 following theGreat Recession, the amount was 8 million SEK, or US$1.1 million.[25] If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.[26][27][28][29]
The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates during the first week of October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually inStockholm Concert Hall on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The laureates receive a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.[30]
^von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science".Die Naturwissenschaften.68 (6). Springer-Verlag:277–281.Bibcode:1981NW.....68..277V.doi:10.1007/BF01047469.
^"Nobel's will". Nobel.org.Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved4 May 2015.
After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
^Gingras, Yves; Wallace, Matthew L. (2009). "Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)".Scientometrics.82 (2): 401.arXiv:0808.2517.doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9.S2CID23293903.
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