No Kum-sok | |
|---|---|
 No in 1953 | |
| Birth name | No Kum-sok |
| Born | (1932-01-10)January 10, 1932 Shinko,Kankyōnan-dō,Korea, Empire of Japan (now Sinhung County, South Hamgyong Province,North Korea) |
| Died | December 26, 2022(2022-12-26) (aged 90) Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Service |  KPA Air Force KPA Naval Force |
| Years of service | 1949–1953 |
| Rank | Senior lieutenant |
| Battles / wars | Korean War |
| No Kum-sok | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 노금석 |
|---|---|
| Hancha | 盧今錫 |
| Revised Romanization | No Geum-seok |
| McCune–Reischauer | No Kŭm-sŏk |
No Kum-sok (Korean: 노금석; January 10, 1932 – December 26, 2022)[1][2] was a North Korean-born American engineer and aviator who served as asenior lieutenant in theKorean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force during theKorean War.[3][4] Under colonial rule, No was required to adopt aJapanese name,Okamura Kiyoshi.[3] Approximately two months after the end of hostilities, hedefected toSouth Korea in aMiG-15 aircraft, and was subsequently granted political asylum in theUnited States.[5] He then adopted the English nameKenneth H. Rowe.
No was born on January 10, 1932 inShinko,Kankyōnan-dō,Korea, Empire of Japan (now in North Korea).
Like many in Korea at the time, during World War II, No supported Japan and considered becoming akamikaze pilot, but his father was adamantly against it. No's support forImperial Japan waned and he became pro-Western, though he had to hide these views due to the dangers of being recognized in northern Korea at the time.
According to No, he attended a speech byKim Il Sung in early 1948 as a teenager; although No was opposed tocommunism, he found Kim to be a capable orator.[6] However, No had to keep his anti-Communist views hidden, due to the danger of what would happen if North Korean authorities had found out about them.
During theKorean War, No applied to join theKorean People's Navy and was accepted after he lied in the selection test. At the naval academy, No won the favor of his history professor who later helped No in the pilot selection test. After passing the selection test, No was promoted toensign, and brought toManchuria for flight training. He subsequently received promotion to the rank oflieutenant and then tosenior lieutenant. He flew more than 100 combat missions during the war.[7]
On the morning of September 21, 1953, No flew hisMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fromSunan just outsidePyongyang toKimpo Air Base in South Korea.[8][9] The time from take-off in North Korea to landing in South Korea was 17 minutes, with the MiG reaching 1,000 km/h (620 mph).[10] During the flight, he was not chased by North Korean aircraft (as he was too far away), nor was he interdicted by American air or ground forces;[10] U.S. radar near Kimpo had been shut down temporarily that morning for routine maintenance.[4] No landed the wrong way on the runway, almost hitting anF-86 Sabre jet landing at the same time from the opposite direction.[9][10] Captain Dave William veered out of the way and exclaimed over the radio "It's a goddamn MiG!".[10] Another American pilot, Captain Jim Sutton, who was circling the airport, said that if No had tried to land in the right direction, he would have been spotted and shot down.[10] No taxied the MiG into a free parking spot between two Sabre jets, got out of the plane and began tearing up a picture ofKim Il Sung that was placed in the cockpits of North Korean aircraft, and then threw up his arms in surrender at approaching airbase security guards.[10]
After being taken into custody and debriefed by CIA operative "Andy Brown" (born Arseny Yankovsky, son ofYuri Yankovsky), No received a $100,000 (equivalent to $1,175,249 in 2024) reward offered byOperation Moolah for being the first pilot to defect with an operational aircraft, which he said he never heard of prior to his defection.[11] No explained that North Korean pilots were not allowed to listen to South Korean radio, the leaflets broadcasting the award were not dropped in Manchuria where the pilots were based, and even if they had heard about the reward, the pilots would not have understood the purchasing power of the US dollar; he said the program would have been more effective if they had offered a good job and residence in North America. PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower was against paying defectors.[12]
After No surrendered his aircraft, it was taken toOkinawa, where it was givenUSAF markings andtest-flown by Captain H.E. Collins and MajorChuck Yeager. The MiG-15 was later shipped toWright-Patterson Air Force Base after a U.S. offer to return it to its rightful owner was ignored.[8] It is currently on display at theNational Museum of the United States Air Force.
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In 1954, No immigrated to theUnited States, where he met Vice PresidentRichard Nixon. After immigrating, heanglicized his name to "Kenneth H. Rowe".[1] In 1957, he was joined in the U.S. by his mother, who had defected toSouth Korea earlier in 1951. He subsequently graduated from theUniversity of Delaware with degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering.[4] He married an émigré fromKaesong, North Korea; they raised two sons and a daughter, and he became a U.S. citizen.[4] He worked as anaeronautical engineer forGrumman,Boeing,Pan Am,General Dynamics,General Motors,General Electric,Lockheed,DuPont, andWestinghouse.[4][11][13]
There were repercussions for No's defection. In the 1970s, according to Captain Lee Un-yong, a Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force flight instructor who defected to South Korea two years after No, General Wan-yong, the top commander of the Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force, was demoted, and five of No's air force comrades and commanders were executed. One of those killed was Lieutenant Kun Soo-sung, No's best friend and fellow pilot. No's parents would have also been punished for their son's defection, but his father was already dead (having been killed in the Korean War) and his mother had already defected to the South. The fate of No's uncle and the rest of his family remains unknown.[14]
One of the pilots and a friend in his squadron,O Kuk-ryol, became a General and was considered by some the second most powerful man in North Korea.[4][11]
In 1996, he wrote and published a book,A MiG-15 to Freedom, about his defection and previous life in North Korea.[1] No retired in 2000 after working 17 years as anaeronautical engineering professor atEmbry–Riddle Aeronautical University.[4][15] A biography of No byBlaine Harden was published in 2015 asThe Great Leader and the Fighter Pilot: The True Story of the Tyrant Who Created North Korea and The Young Lieutenant Who Stole His Way to Freedom.[16] Harden had interviewed No and access to newly released intelligence about him.[17]
No spoke fluent English, Japanese, Korean and Russian.[18] He lived inDaytona Beach, Florida, where he died on December 26, 2022, at the age of 90.[2] No stated that he never second-guessed his decision to defect from North Korea and make a new life in America.[3]
At the time of his death, No was surrounded by his wife, daughter, younger son and one grandson.[2]
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