| No. 6 Squadron RAF | |
|---|---|
| Active |
|
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Type | Flying squadron |
| Role | Multi–role combat |
| Part of | Combat Air Force |
| Station | RAF Lossiemouth |
| Nickname | 'The Flying Tin Openers' |
| Mottos | Oculi Exercitus (Latin for 'The eyes of the army') |
| Aircraft | Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander | Wing Commander G Montgomery |
| Insignia | |
| Tail badge | |
| Roundel | |
| Tail codes | EA–EZ (Jaguar andTyphoon) |
Number 6 Squadron of theRoyal Air Force operates theEurofighter Typhoon FGR.4 atRAF Lossiemouth.[1]It was previously equipped with theSEPECAT Jaguar GR.3 in theclose air support and tacticalreconnaissance roles, and was posted toRAF Coltishall,Norfolk until April 2006, moving toRAF Coningsby until disbanding for the first time in its history on 31 May 2007. The squadron officially reformed as a Typhoon squadron on 6 September 2010.[2] No. 6 Squadron is unique in having two Royal standards, having been awarded its second one byKing Abdullah I of Jordan in October 1950 due to its long period of service in the Middle East.
The squadron was formed on 31 January 1914 (1914-01-31), atFarnborough Aerodrome as No. 6 Squadron,Royal Flying Corps.[3] Its first squadron commander was MajorJohn Becke.[4][5] The squadron had an initial aircraft inventory of twoRoyal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s and two Farmans, with the squadron also initially incorporating a flight operatingman-lifting kites.[6] The squadron, equipped with a mixture of B.E.2s,Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8s and Farmans crossed the English Channel in October 1914 to supportIV Corps in its attempt to prevent the Germans from capturingAntwerp.[5][7] In November, the squadron joined the newly formed 2nd Wing of the RFC, with the role of supporting the Second and Third Corps,[8] taking part in theFirst Battle of Ypres.[5]
In February 1915,9 Squadron, an experimental unit equipped with radio equipped aircraft, was split up, with one flight of aircraft going to 6 Squadron and the other to2 Squadron. The new flight replaced 6 Squadron's existing C Flight, which together with flights from 2 Squadron and5 Squadron, was used to form16 Squadron.[9][10] In March 1915, the squadron received twoMartinsyde S.1 scouts, to escort the squadrons aircraft,[9] and these were later supplemented byBristol Scouts in the escort role, while the main part of the squadron used the B.E.2.[11]

On 25 July 1915, CaptainLanoe Hawker, flying a Bristol Scout,[12] attacked three German aircraft in succession. The first aerial victory for Hawker that day occurred after he emptied a complete drum of bullets from his aircraft's singleLewis machine gun into a German aircraft which went spinning down. The second victory saw a German aircraft driven to the ground damaged, and the third saw a German aircraft – anAlbatros C.I ofFFA 3 – burst into flames and crash. For this feat he was awarded theVictoria Cross.[13]
The squadron was deployed directing artillery during theActions of the Bluff nearYpres in February 1916 and theActions of St Eloi Craters in March–April that year.[14] During theBattle of the Somme from July to November 1916, the squadron carried out bombing attacks, including night bombing operations, against targets in the Ypres salient to prevent the Germans transferring troops to the Somme front.[15] In May 1917, the squadron re-equipped withRoyal Aircraft Factory R.E.8s.[11] The squadron took part in theBattle of Messines in June 1917, artillery spotting during the preparatory bombardment, and then flying contact patrols.[15] Later that year, the squadron took part in theBattle of Passchendaele,[16] In September 1917, the squadron supported the BritishSecond Army during theBattle of the Menin Road Ridge.[17] In November 1917, the squadron was pulled out of the line and attached toV Corps, which was being held in reserve to exploit a potential breakthrough in the front, and was used to give training on cooperation between aircraft and ground forces to infantry, artillery and staff officers.[18] As the squadron had posted away most of its observers, it was not drafted into action during theGerman spring offensive from March 1918, being sent toLe Crotoy to be out of the way of the offensive, while its commanding officer,Archibald James, was employed in finding airfields for the squadrons of the RFC (and RAF) as they were forced to relocate owing to the German advance.[19][20]
While most of the squadron continued in its training duties, one flight was attached to theCavalry Corps when the pressure from the German offensive died down, and in July 1918, the squadron reunited as an operational unit under the command of MajorGeorge Pirie in support of the Cavalry Corps.[19] The squadron took part in theBattle of Amiens in August 1918,[21] and the Battles ofBapaume andthe Scarpe at the end of the month.[22] The squadron continued to fly in support of the Cavalry Corps until the end of the war.[19]
Following the Armistice, the squadron was initially employed for communications and photographic duties in France, before being transferred toIraq, arriving in July 1919, continuing to operate the R.E.8.[19] Operating in thearmy co-operation role, the squadron receivedBristol Fighters in July 1920,[11] which it used against theIraqi Revolt that broke out that year, bombing rebel forces.[23] In 1924, the squadron was part of a large force of aircraft deployed againstKudish revolts led byMahmud Barzanji, bombing the city ofSulaymaniyah. On 14 September 1924, 6 Squadron Bristol Fighters attacked two Turkish cavalry columns that had crossed into Iraq, dispersing the columns.[24] In 1925, the squadron carried out further operations against forces led by Mahmud.[25] In 1927, the squadron supported operations againstAhmed Barzani which resulted in the occupation ofBarzan by Iraqi Levies, and the retreat of Ahmed Barzani to the hills.[26]

In October 1929, 6 Squadron moved toRAF Ismailia inEgypt, with a detachment atRAF Ramleh,Mandatory Palestine.[27][4] In April 1931, the squadron's role was re-assigned to that of a bomber squadron,[28] while from June that year, it started to receive more modernFairey Gordons,[11][29] with the last Bristol Fighters being withdrawn by June 1932.[11] In October 1935, the squadron reequipped withHawker Hart bombers, with an additional flight receivingHawker Demons (a fighter version of the Hart),[3] and the squadron's Gordons being transferred to14 and47 Squadrons.[29] The Demons were not kept for long, being transferred to29 Squadron in January 1936.[3] The outbreak of the1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine in 1936 saw the whole of the squadron move to Ramleh, carrying out operations ranging from dropping leaflets and escorting trains and road convoys to bombing and strafing hostile forces.[29][30] The main body of the squadron returned to Egypt in November 1936, with fighting in Palestine reducing.[31] A resurgence of violence in Palestine saw the squadron return to Ramleh in November 1937,[29][32] From January 1938, the squadron's Harts were replaced byHawker Hardys (another, General Purpose, variant of the Hart),[11] with the squadron continuing to be heavily deployed against the revolt through the rest of 1938 and well into 1939.[33][29]
The squadron addedGloster Gauntlet fighters andWestland Lysander army cooperation aircraft to its Hardys in August and September 1939 respectively,[11] but thedeclaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939 had little effect on the squadron at first, with internal security duties in Palestine remaining the squadron's priority.[34] At the end of February 1940, the squadron was redesignated an army co-operation squadron.[35][4] Hostilities with Italy broke out in June 1940, and in September 1940, the squadron deployed one flight of Lysanders to Egypt to work with the army, with the remainder of the squadron remained in Palestine.[34] In February 1941, the whole squadron transferred to North Africa, moving toBarca inLibya, with a flight forward deployed atAgedabia[27][36] The Lysander was unsuitable for operations when faced by modern fighters, and one flight was reequipped withHawker Hurricanes at the start of March 1941.[11][37]
WhenOperation Sonnenblume the Axis offensive in Libya the spring of 1941 caused the Allied forces to withdraw, the flights of 6 Squadron were forced to make a number of moves to avoid being overrun, and whenTobruk was besieged the squadron ended up inside the perimeter, carrying out tactical reconnaissance.[38][39] The squadron suffered from spares shortages, while the airfield was subject to German shelling, and the squadron's aircraft were vulnerable to attack by German fighters when landing. Two of the squadron's three flights were ordered to evacuate in 19 April, while the remaining flight left Tobruk on 10 May.[40][4] In June 1941, the squadron was equipped completely with Hurricanes, discarding its remaining Lysanders.[11][40] At the end of June, the squadron was transferred toTel Aviv for a rest.[40][41]
In August 1941, the squadron, now equipped with Lysanders andGloster Gladiator fighters, moved toWadi Halfa in Sudan, with a detachment atKufra in south-west Libya.[40][42] On 26 September 1941, one of the Gladiators from Kufra intercepted an ItalianSavoia-Marchetti SM.79, claiming it as possibly damaged. This was the last combat engagement by an RAF-flown Gladiator.[43] A few Hurricanes were added in September 1941, and fourBristol Blenheims added in November that year.[40] The squadron was withdrawn from operations again early in 1942, and carried out maintenance tasks until its next equipment arrived.[3][40]

In April 1942, the squadron moved toRAF Shandur to re-equip with the Hurricane Mk. IID, a specialist ground-attack version armed with twoVickers S 40 mm guns, designed for anti-armour operations.[44][45] The squadron moved up toRAF Gambut on 4 June 1942 for operations, flying its first, unsuccessful combat operation with the Hurricane II.Ds on 7 June, while on 8 June it claimed one tank destroyed and several other vehicles damaged, at a cost of two Hurricanes shot down by anti-aircraft fire and another damaged.[46] As the Hurricane IID was slow and relatively vulnerable to enemy attack, it was employed under tight conditions - requiring fighter escort and targets whose position was known, could be easily identified from the air and not protected by too much anti-aircraft fire were attacked - this allowed the aircraft to operate effectively while minimising casualties.[47] The squadron took part in theSecond Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942, but in December, the squadron was temporarily withdrawn from its anti-armour role to fly shipping protection duties with Hurricane IICs.[48][49]
The squadron returned to the anti-tank role on 22 February 1943, again equipped with the Hurricane IID.[50] In March 1943, the squadron took part in theBattle of the Mareth Line. The squadron's attacks were effective, but losses were heavy.[51] Fifteen Hurricanes from 6 Squadron were shot down between 22 and 26 March, with six shot down nearEl Hamma on 25 March.[52] The vulnerability of the unarmoured Hurricane IID to ground fire when carrying out gun attacks led to3-inch rockets being preferred and the squadron was withdrawn after the end of the fighting in North Africa until it could receive new equipment, which arrived in July 1943 as the Hurricane IV, which could be armed with rocket projectiles.[51][49][53]
In February 1944, the squadron moved with its Hurricane Mk IVs toGrottaglie airfield, nearTaranto, Italy.[27][54] Moored Axis ships were attacked at Yugoslav harbours and theDalmatian islands. They were strongly defended by anti-aircraft gunners onSiebel ferries, as the ships were being used to supply the German forces. Squadron detachments were also made toBastia in Corsica,Araxos near Patras in Greece,Brindisi, and near Ancona. A fixed 44-gallon extra petrol tank under the port wing increased the Hurricanes' duration to almost three hours at 160 mph (260 km/h) cruising speed. The airfield onVis was extensively used as an advanced base from May 1944 to February 1945, usually to top up tanks before each armed reconnaissance.[55][56]
In July 1945, the squadron returned to Palestine, as British forces faced aninsurgency by Zionist forces, with duties including patrolling oil pipelines to deter sabotage attacks. The squadron was the last RAF combat unit to operate Hurricanes, and for a brief period fourSpitfires due to a lack of Hurricanes.[27][57] In October 1946, the squadron moved toRAF Nicosia inCyprus, and in December that year, converted toHawker Tempest Mk VIs.[55][57] In September 1947, the squadron moved toRAF Shallufa in Egypt, and in November that year toKhartoum in Sudan, with detachments atMogadishu in Somalia.[55] In May 1948, the squadron moved toRAF Fayid in Egypt in order to cover theBritish withdrawal from Palestine.[55][57] In August 1948, the squadron moved toRAF Deversoir, nearIsmailia, Egypt.[32] On 6 January 1949, as Israeli forces advanced into theSinai Peninsula during theArab–Israeli War, four Spitfires208 Squadron were ordered to carry out a reconnaissance near the Israel–Egypt border, and all four were lost, one to Israeli ground fire and three shot down by Israeli Spitfires. After the four British Spitfires failed to return to base, four more 208 Squadron Spitfires were sent on a search mission for the missing aircraft, with eight Tempests from 6 Squadron and a further seven from213 Squadron escorting the Spitfires. Four Israeli Spitfire IXs, attacked the British aircraft, and when they attempted to respond, it was found that 213 Squadron's aircraft's guns would not fire, while 6 Squadron's aircraft could not release theirdrop tanks. One 213 Squadron Tempest was shot down, with two more 213 Squadron and one six Squadron aircraft damaged.[58]
In October 1949 it receivedde Havilland Vampire FB.5s.[55] In January 1950, the squadron moved toRAF Habbaniya in Iraq with many moves back and forth between RAF Habbaniya andRAF Shaibah in Iraq,RAF Abu Sueir and RAF Deversoir in theSuez Canal Zone, RAF Nicosia in Cyprus, RAF Mafraq and RAF Amman in theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan and detachments throughout theMiddle East.[55] While visitingAmman on 15 October 1950, No. 6 Squadron was awarded a Royal Standard byKing Abdullah I of Jordan in recognition of the squadron's service in the Middle East since 1919.[59] In February 1952 the squadron received Vampire FB.9s.[32][55] In September 1952, three of the squadron's Vampires were deployed toSharjah in response to theBuraimi dispute, when Saudi forces had occupied a village nearAl-Buraimi inOman. The aircraft flew low-level demonstration flights over villages in the region, and after a diplomatic agreement in October, returned to Habbaniya.[60][61] A further increase in tension early in 1953 caused a larger detachment to be sent to Sharjah, which was later relieved by a detachment ofGloster Meteors from208 Squadron.[60] The squadron re-equipped withde Havilland Venom FB.1 at Amman in February 1954, the first RAF squadron outside Germany to receive the Venom.[62] In June 1955, it was the first squadron to receive the improved Venom FB.4, and in August that year, four of the new aircraft were deployed on Operation Quick Return, a 10,000 mi (16,000 km) round trip toCape Town in South Africa, which took 14 days, with 13 airfields visited.[63]
On 6 April 1956, the squadron returned to Cyprus, operating fromRAF Akrotiri.[64][55] In November 1956, the squadron took part in theSuez Crisis, carrying out attacks from Akrotiri against Egyptian airfields from 1 November, losing a single Venom.[63][65] The requirement to support the nations of theBaghdad Pact against potential aggression meant that the RAF's Cyprus-based Venoms had inadequate range, and it was decided to re-equip them with theEnglish Electric Canberra B.2, which had been replaced by newer aircraft inRAF Bomber Command.[66][67] A detachment was sent toRAF Coningsby to equip with the new aircraft, while much of the squadron's fighter-trained aircrew were posted away. The squadron's two Canberra-equipped flights returned to Akrotiri on 15 July and 1 August 1957 respectively.[55][66][68] The squadron replaced its Canberra B.2s with Canberra B.6s (also ex-Bomber Command) in December 1959.[11][68] In July 1961, when Iraqi threats to invade resulted in British forces beingdeployed to Kuwait, 6 Squadron was held at readiness to reinforce the forces in the Gulf if required.[69] In January 1962, it received Canberra B.16s, equipped with improved navigational equipment and hardpoints under the wings for bombs and rockets, and also capable of delivering nuclear bombs byToss bombing, with nuclear strike using theRed Beard nuclear bomb added to the squadron's duties.[70][69] In August–September 1965, the squadron was temporarily deployed toRAF Labuan in Malaysia as one of a series of deployments to reinforce theFar East Air Force during theIndonesia–Malaysia confrontation.[71] It continued to operate the Canberra from Akrotiri until 13 January 1969 when the squadron disbanded.[32]
Having been located outside of the UK for 50 years, the squadron returned in 1969 and was the first to receive thePhantom FGR.2 atRAF Coningsby the same year, before re-equipping with the Jaguar GR.1 and T.2 atRAF Lossiemouth in 1974. The squadron then moved toRAF Coltishall, being declared operational in the tactical nuclear role with twelve aircraft and eight WE.177 nuclear bombs until 1994, when the squadron's nuclear role was terminated and the weapons withdrawn.[72][73]

The squadron continued at RAF Coltishall in its non-nuclear role until Coltishall closed on 1 April 2006, and the squadron moved to RAF Coningsby. The squadron's aircraft were deployed to the Gulf as part ofOperation Granby (Gulf War), for which it received battle honours, and later as part of the Northern No-Fly-Zone.[74] The squadron deployed toGioia del Colle Air Base in Italy for operations overBosnia as part ofOperation Deny Flight from April 1993.[75]
The squadron was the last to fly theSEPECAT Jaguar, and was disbanded on 31 May 2007. The Jaguar's intended replacement in RAF service was theEurofighter Typhoon. The RAF announced that No. 6 Squadron was to be the fourth operational front-line squadron equipped with the Typhoon and the first with Tranche 2 aircraft, initially scheduled to reform in 2008 at RAF Leuchars inFife. However, this was delayed until 2010, with the squadron reforming atRAF Leuchars on 6 September 2010, when a closed standing-up ceremony was performed to mark the squadron's reforming, including the arrival of the new Typhoon aircraft in 6 Squadron colours from RAF Coningsby.[1]

The squadron has taken over the role ofQuick Reaction Alert for the north of the United Kingdom fromNo. 111 Squadron RAF, the RAF's lastPanavia Tornado F.3 squadron, in March 2011.[1][76] In November 2011 four Typhoons from No. 6 Squadron flew toRMAF Butterworth to participate in aerial war games for the 40th anniversary of theFive Power Defence Arrangements.[77][78] In August 2013, several Typhoons from No. 6 were exercising withHMS Dragon and US fighters in the Gulf.[79] In June 2014, the squadron began to move to its new home in RAF Lossiemouth.[80]
The squadron participated in the2018 missile strikes against Syria during theSyrian Civil War.[81]
In March 2020, the squadron was awarded the right to emblazon abattle honour on its squadronstandard, recognising its role inBosnia during 1995.[82]
The squadron attendedExercise Spears of Victory 23 during February 2023 atKing Abdulaziz Air Base.[83]
Aircraft operated included:

No. 6 Squadron's badge features aneagle, wings elevated, preying on aserpent.[84] The badge was approved byKing George VI in January 1938.[84] An earlier unauthorised badge featured an eagle sitting within a figure 6.[85]
The squadron's motto isOculi Exercitus (Latin for 'The eyes of the army').[86]
During the First World War, the squadron was allocated markings of three fuselage bands, which were black on clear doped fabric aircraft and white on dark painted machines, one each side of the aircraft's roundel and one on the rear fuselage just forward of the tailplane. These were carried from 1916 to March 1918.[87] The squadron's operations in cooperation with theRoyal Artillery during the First World War gave rise to the "Gunner's Stripe" used as a marking on the squadron's aircraft, consisting of a pale blue stripe with a superimposed red zig-zag, carried on either side of the fuselage roundel or on the tail.[88][89]
The squadron's nickname 'The Flying Tin Openers' originated during theNorth African campaign of the Second World War when the squadron operated the Hurricane Mk.IID and were known for carrying out low level attacks against German and Italian armoured vehicles and tanks. The nickname is reflected in the squadron's aircraft tail badge which features atin opener.[90]
As of March 2025, aircraft operated by No. 6 Squadron use the following peacetime air traffic controlcall signs within UK airspace:Boxer, Cannon, Colt, Dread, Flak, Nasty, Panzer, Phantom, Ruin, Shocker, Tankbuster, Tempest, Turbo andVenom.[91]
No. 6 Squadron has received the followingbattle honours. Those marked with an asterisk (*) may be emblazoned on the squadron standard.[92]
| From | To | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1914 | March 1915 | MajorJohn Becke[4][5] |
| March 1915 | December 1915 | MajorGordon Shephard[94] |
| December 1915 | September 1916 | MajorReginald Mills,MC AFC[95] |
| September 1916 | June 1917 | MajorArthur Barratt,MC[96] |
| June 1917 | July 1918 | MajorArchibald James, MC |
| July 1918 | February 1920 | MajorGeorge Pirie, MC[97] |
| 13 February 1920 | 31 March 1920 | S/Ldr W Sowrey[98] |
| May 1920 | April 1922 | S/Ldr E A B Rice |
| April 1922 | January 1924 | S/LdrEdye Rolleston Manning,DSO MC |
| January 1924 | November 1925 | S/Ldr D S K Crosbie,OBE |
| November 1925 | November 1926 | S/Ldr D F Stevenson, DSO, MC[99] |
| November 1926 | January 1928 | S/LdrCyril Lowe,MC DFC |
| January 1928 | February 1930 | S/LdrClaude Hilton Keith |
| February 1930 | February 1931 | S/Ldr C R Cox,AFC |
| February 1934 | January 1937 | S/LdrHerbert Massey, DSO, MC[100] |
| February 1940 | September 1940 | S/LdrWilliam Neil McKechnie, |
| September 1940 | April 1941 | S/Ldr E R Weld |
| April 1941 | February 1942 | S/Ldr P Legge |
| February 1942 | January 1943 | W/Cdr R C Porteous, DSO |
| January 1943 | May 1943 | S/Ldr D Weston-Burt, DSO |
| May 1943 | May 1944 | W/Cdr A E Morrison-Bell, DFC |
| May 1944 | August 1944 | S/Ldr J H Brown, DSO, DFC |
| August 1944 | November 1944 | S/Ldr R H Langdon-Davies, DFC |
| November 1944 | July 1946 | S/Ldr R Slade-Betts, DFC |
| August 1946 | December 1946 | S/Ldr C E Mould |
| December 1946 | November 1947 | S/Ldr C K Gray, DFC |
| November 1947 | July 1950 | S/LdrDenis Crowley-Milling,DSO DFC &Bar |
| July 1950 | November 1952 | S/Ldr P A Kennedy, DSO, DFC, AFC |
| November 1952 | October 1954 | S/Ldr E J Roberts |
| October 1954 | November 1956 | S/Ldr P C Ellis, DFC |
| November 1956 | July 1957 | S/Ldr G P Elliott |
| May 1969 | August 1970 | W/CdrDavid Harcourt-Smith |
| August 1970 | December 1972 | W/Cdr J E Nevill |
| December 1972 | June 1974 | W/Cdr B W Lavender |
| June 1974 | Jul 1975 | W/Cdr R J Quarterman |
| Jul 1975 | Dec 1977 | Wg Cdr N R Hayward |
| Dec 1977 | Mar 1980 | Wg Cdr G B Robertson |
| Mar 1980 | Aug 1982 | Wg Cdr M N Evans |
| Aug 1982 | Dec 1984 | Wg Cdr D W Bramley |
| Dec 1984 | Jun 1987 | Wg Cdr N A Buckland |
| Jun 1987 | Dec 1989 | Wg Cdr I Reilly |
| Dec 1989 | Feb 1992 | Wg Cdr (later Gp Capt) J Connolly, AFC |
| Feb 1992 | Jul 1994 | Wg Cdr A D Sweetman |
| Jul 1994 | Dec 1996 | Wg Cdr I A Milne |
| Dec 1996 | Jul 1999 | Wg Cdr M J Roche |
| Jul 1999 | Jul 2002 | Wg Cdr R W Judson |
| Jul 2002 | Jul 2004 | Wg Cdr M J Seares, MBE |
| Jul 2004 | Apr 2006 | Wg Cdr W A Cruickshank |
| Apr 2006 | May 2007 | Wg Cdr J M Sullivan |
| Sep 2010 | Oct 2012 | Wg Cdr R Dennis |
| Oct 2012 | Aug 2014 | Wg Cdr M R Baulkwill |
| Aug 2014 | Nov 2016 | Wg Cdr J R E Walls, DSO |
| Nov 2016 | May 2019 | Wg Cdr W D Cooper |
| May 2019 | Sep 2021 | Wg Cdr M D'Aubyn |
| Sep 2021 | Sep 2023 | Wg Cdr N J Rees |
| Sep 2023 | Present | Wg Cdr G Montgomery |