Nizhyn Ніжин | |
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 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Nizhyn Nizhyn (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine | |
| Coordinates:51°02′17″N31°53′10″E / 51.03806°N 31.88611°E /51.03806; 31.88611 | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Chernihiv Oblast |
| Raion | Nizhyn Raion |
| Hromada | Nizhyn urban hromada |
| Magdeburg rights | 1625 |
| Area | |
• Total | 43.2 km2 (16.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 65,830 |
| Website | http://www.nizhynrada.org |
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Nizhyn (Ukrainian:Ніжин,pronounced[ˈn⁽ʲ⁾iʒɪn]ⓘ;Russian:Нежин,romanized: Nezhin) is a city located inChernihiv Oblast of northernUkraine along theOster River. The city is located 116 km (72 mi) north-east of the national capitalKyiv. Nizhyn serves as theadministrative center ofNizhyn Raion. It hosts the administration ofNizhyn urban hromada which is one of thehromadas of Ukraine[1] and was once a major city of theChernigov Governorate. Nizhyn has a population of65,830 (2022 estimate).[2]
The earliest known references to the location go back to 1147, when it was briefly mentioned asUnenezh.[3]
In the times of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Nizhyn was grantedMagdeburg rights (1625) as a self-governing town. In 1663, Nizhyn was the place of theBlack Council ofUkrainian Cossacks, which electedBryukhovetsky as the newHetman of theZaporizhian Host thus conditionally dividing Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate) intoleft-bank Ukraine andright-bank Ukraine. It was also the seat of a majorCossack regiment (until 1782).
In the Cossack Hetmanate, Nizhyn had sixvoivodes (a Muscovite military position) from 1665 to 1697. The voivodes of the city were Ivan Rzhevskiy (1665–1672),[4] Stepan Khruscheov (1672–1673), Prince Vladimir Volkonskiy (1673–1675), Prince Semeon Zvenigorodskiy (1673–1675), Avraam Khitrovo (1689–1692), and Ivan Saveolov Junior (1692–1697).[citation needed]
Nizhyn was once a major center ofHasidic Judaism and is the site of theOhel (tomb) of theHasidic master, RabbiDovber Schneuri ofChabad-Lubavitch. The city also housed the thriving Greek community,[citation needed] which enjoyed a number of privileges granted byBohdan Khmelnytsky.
In the 19th century Nizhyn became anuyezd capital of theChernihiv Governorate and the biggest city in theguberniya. In 1805, theBezborodkoLyceum was established there (today —Nizhyn Gogol State University); its graduates includeNikolai Gogol whose statue graces one of city streets as well asYevhen Hrebinka among other graduates. Nizhyn has also long been noted for its famouscucumbers.[5][6]
DuringWorld War II, Nizhyn was occupied by theGerman Army from 13 September 1941 to 15 September 1943.
Jews first settled in Nizhyn at the beginning of the 19th century after thepartition ofPoland. The town grew to become a center for theChabadHasidim of Ukraine.Dovber Schneuri, the second Chabad rebbe, is buried here. By 1847, 1,299 Jews had registered as residents. In 1897, 24% of the population, or 7,361 residents, were Jewish.
A wave ofpogroms severely affected the Jewish population in 1881 and 1905. One group of emigrants settled in Philadelphia and founded theNeziner Congregation in 1896.
During their retreat from the Germans in the spring of 1918, theRed Army carried out additional pogroms. DuringWorld War II, the region was occupied by German Army, who murdered all Jews in the area. Only those who escaped survived.
In 1959, 1,400 Jews lived in Nizhyn, about 3% of the town's population. In 2005, Nizhyn population reached 80,000. Only about 300 Jewish families lived in the city.[7]
In July 1969 twoTupolev Tu-22 aircraft from the nearby air basecollided in mid-air. The crew ejected and the plane flew on unpiloted for 52 minutes, threatening the city of Nizhyn before crashing 0.5 km (0.31 miles) from the city's railway station.[8]
The city of Nizhyn is one of the ancient cities of Ukraine. The architectural complex of the city forms an expressive ensemble of an ancient trade city. The experts' estimates distinguish more than 300 ancient buildings, where 70 are of a great cultural and historical value. The expressive 200 years ensemble of Post Station (the only one preserved in Ukraine) deserves special mention. Nizhyn is a city of students (each fifth inhabitant of Nizhyn is a student). The following educational establishments operate in Nizhyn – State University named after Gogol; Agro-technical College, faculty of Kremenchyk Institute of Economy and New Technologies, College of Culture and Arts named after Zankovetska, Medical College, Nizhyn Professional Lyceum of Services, Nizhyn Agrarian Lyceum, vocational college, Lyceum at the university. There are four club institutions, the Drama Theater named after Kotsiubynskyi, the Choreographic school and park landscapes in the city.
The city boasts 38 libraries with the total fund of 17,365 thousand books, which caters for 44,429 readers, more than a dozen of museums, including Nizhyn Regional museum with the following sections: art, history, Nizhyn Post Station, with about 31 thousand of exhibits of the main fund, the Museum of the History of School No.3, the Museum of the History of School No.7 with a room of M. V. Nechkina, the Korolyov Museum in School No.14, the Glory Museum of Agrarian and Technical Institute, the Museum-Chemists shop named after M. Ligda. The following institutions function at Nizhyn State Pedagogical Institute named after Gogol: The Museum ofGogol, Art Gallery, the Museum “Rare book”, zoological museum, and botanical museum.Nizhyn is a well-known industrial center, where 16 industrial enterprises, which belong to 8 branches, operate. Nizhyn is also an attractive tourist city. It is included into the tour “Necklace of Slavutych”.
In 2017, Ukraine issued a postage stamp featuring the coat of arms of Nizhyn.
Until 18 July 2020, Nizhyn was designated as acity of oblast significance and did not belong to Nizhyn Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to four, the city was merged into Nizhyn Raion.[9][10]
| Climate data for Nizhyn (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) | −0.8 (30.6) | 4.9 (40.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.0 (77.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 3.9 (39.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 12.2 (54.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.3 (24.3) | −4.1 (24.6) | 0.8 (33.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.0 (64.4) | 19.8 (67.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 7.3 (45.1) | 1.0 (33.8) | −3.1 (26.4) | 7.5 (45.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) | −7.0 (19.4) | −2.7 (27.1) | 3.6 (38.5) | 8.7 (47.7) | 12.5 (54.5) | 14.2 (57.6) | 12.9 (55.2) | 8.2 (46.8) | 3.3 (37.9) | −1.4 (29.5) | −5.6 (21.9) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 36.1 (1.42) | 38.0 (1.50) | 32.7 (1.29) | 45.3 (1.78) | 57.0 (2.24) | 73.3 (2.89) | 80.9 (3.19) | 57.8 (2.28) | 61.1 (2.41) | 42.9 (1.69) | 47.3 (1.86) | 44.0 (1.73) | 616.4 (24.27) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.7 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 9.3 | 98.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 85.4 | 82.6 | 78.2 | 70.3 | 67.5 | 72.0 | 72.9 | 73.2 | 78.5 | 81.8 | 87.4 | 87.5 | 78.1 |
| Source:World Meteorological Organization[11] | |||||||||||||
Architecturally Nizhyn was shaped in the 18th century. Foremost among its buildings must be mentioned its sevenBaroque churches: Annunciation Cathedral (1702–16, modernised 1814), Presentation Cathedral (1788), St. Michael's Church of the Greek community (1719–29), St John's Church (1752,illustrated, to the right), Saviour's Transfiguration Church (1757), Intercession Church (1765), and the so-called CossackCathedral of St. Nicholas (1658, restored 1980s), a rare survival from the days of Nizhyn's Cossack glory, noted for its octagonal vaults and drums crowned by archetypal pear-shaped domes.[12] Other notable buildings include the Trinity Church (1733, rebuilt a century later), the Greek magistrate (1785), and the Neoclassical complex of theNizhyn Lyceum (designed byLuigi Rusca, built in 1805–17, expanded in 1876–79).
There is the memorial museum of Russian naval officer and explorerYuri Lisyansky inhis family house [uk] in Nizhyn and a monument by the house.[13]
Modern Nizhyn is a major industrial center. The city has 16 companies and firms from eight industries:[citation needed]
PVKF ** "Courier";
Starting in 1915, the city was served by a trampublic transportation system. The tram system had atrack gauge of1,524 mm (5 ft) and first began ashorse-pulled trams at its opening in 1915. The system became defunct in the mid-1920s and never recovered. Information on the number of lines that existed is not available.
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![Monument to Nizhyn cucumber [uk]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_-_panoramio.jpg)
Nizhyn istwinned with:
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