Ningxiang 宁乡市 Ningsiang; Ninghsiang | |
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 Location of Ningxiang City within Changsha | |
  Ningxiang Location in Hunan | |
| Coordinates (Ningxiang government):28°16′41″N112°33′07″E / 28.278°N 112.552°E /28.278; 112.552 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Changsha |
| Established | 627 (TangZhenguan) |
| Seat | Yutan |
| Township-level divisions | 4 subdistricts, 21 towns, 8 townships, and 1 district |
| Government | |
| • Communist Party Secretary | Yu Xinfan (于新凡) |
| • Chairman ofNingxiang People's Congress | He Yinghui (贺应辉)[2] |
| • Mayor | Fu Xuming (付旭明) |
| • Chairman of CPPCC Ningxiang Committee | Deng Jieping (邓杰平) |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,906 km2 (1,122 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 884 m (2,900 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 127.2 m (417 ft) |
| Population (August 2012) | |
• Total | 1,368,117[1] |
| • Density | 470.8/km2 (1,219/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 410600 |
| Area code | (0)731 |
| Website | www |
Ningxiang (simplified Chinese:宁乡市;traditional Chinese:寧鄕市;pinyin:Níngxiāng Shì;lit. 'peaceful home') is acounty-level city and the2nd most populous county-level division in theProvince ofHunan, China; it is under the administration of theprefecture-level city ofChangsha. The city is bordered to the north byHeshan District ofYiyang andTaojiang County, to the west byAnhua County andLianyuan City, to the south byLouxing District ofLoudi,Xiangxiang City,Shaoshan City andYuhu District ofXiangtan, to the east byYuelu andWangcheng Districts. Located in the central east of Hunan Province, Ningxiang covers 2,906 km2 (1,122 sq mi)[3] with a registered population of 1,393,528 and a resident population of 1,218,400 (as of 2014).[3] The city has 4subdistricts, 21towns and 4townships under its jurisdiction, itsadministrative centre is atYutan Subdistrict (玉潭街道).[4]
The most famous historic resident wasLiu Shaoqi, who lived in Ningxiang from 1898 until 1920, before he went toBeijing asPresident.
The city is famous for its tourism as the home of attractions likeHe Shuheng's Former Residence,Xie Juezai's Former Residence,Liu Shaoqi's Former Residence,Baiyun Temple,Miyin Temple, andPuji Temple.
Ningxiang was a site of spectacular Shang archaeological finds[5]
In 2004, a Chinese team excavated ruins from theWestern Zhou period (11th century-771BC) atTanheli. The findings were of a city site that included two large yellow earth artificial building sites and two even larger sites that may have been palace dwellings. Remnants of moats were found both inside and outside the city. In the highlands outside the city were excavated seven small tombs for nobles and lords which contained manybronze culture implements as well as those made ofjade. The site was listed inBeijing as one of the top ten archeological discoveries of 2004.[6]
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Human habitation in Ningxiang dates back to ancient times. The earliest archaeological remains so far unearthed are theFour-goat Square Zun and Dahe Renmianwen Square Ding fromTanheli site atHuangcai Town, dating back to the lateShang dynasty (11th–10th century BC).In theWarring States (475–221 BC) period, Ningxiang was under the jurisdiction of Qianzhongjun (黔中郡) ofChu State (1115–223 BC).[7]
After conquering all the states, EmperorQin Shi Huang implemented the system of prefectures and counties in 221 BC. Ningxiang belonged to Changshajun (长沙郡).[7]
In theHan dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), Ningxiang was under the jurisdiction ofYiyang County andXiangyin County.[7]
In theThree Kingdoms period (220–280), king ofWu State (222–280),Sun Quan, seizedJingzhou, Ningxiang came under the jurisdiction of Wu State. In 257, the imperial court set up the Xinkang County, and Changqiao (now Hengshi) became the seat of the county administration.[7]
In theTang dynasty (618–907), the imperial court established a granary in today'sLaoliangcang Town.Buddhism was introduced into Ningxiang some time in the 9th century. According toWu Deng Hui Yuan (《五灯会元》), in 806, the prime ministerPei Xiu submitted a written statement to the imperial court, which was approved to found theMiyin Temple at the foot of Mount Wei. His son, Pei Wende (裴文德), a formerzhuangyuan, received ordination as a monk with theDharma name of "Jinshan Fahai" (金山法海). The character of Fahai in theLegend of the White Snake is based on him. Liu Dui, the firstjinshi in the history of Ningxiang, also known as "jinshi of Ningxiang for the first time" (破天荒进士).[7]
In the 2nd year of Tiancheng Period (927) of theLater Tang dynasty (923–936), the King of Chu,Ma Yin, founded the Chu Kingdom (927–963). He set up three counties ofYiyang, Changsha andXiangxiang in Ningxiang area. Xinkangyi (新康驿) was renamedYutan Town, when it has a pond like a jade.[7]
In theSong dynasty (960–1279),Yi Fu, the first Ningxiang people won the title of "wenzhuangyuan" (文状元), and he was appointed as the title of "Founding Man of Ningxiang" (宁乡开国男).[7]
In the earlyYuan dynasty (1271–1368), Ningxiang came under the jurisdiction ofTanzhou (潭州), and then under the jurisdiction of Tanzhoulu (潭州路).[7]
In June of the 5th year ofHongwu Period (1372) of theMing dynasty (1368–1644), Tanzhou was renamed as Changshafu (长沙府), and Ningxiang under its jurisdiction.[7]
In the 4th year ofShunzhi Period (1647) of theQing dynasty (1644–1911), Gao Shijun (高士浚) led his army to conquer Changsha and Ningxiang was incorporated into the territory of Qing Empire. Changshafu was set up, affiliated to Hu-Guang province and possessed 12 counties, including Ningxiang. In the late Qing dynasty, Zhu Yidian (朱衣点) joined theTaiping Army in Zhushi Bridge with his troops, he had fought many battles inJiangxi,Zhejiang andFujian, and was awarded the title of "Xiaotian Yiwang" (孝天义王) and "Fuchao Tianjun" (扶朝天军).[7]
In 1922, Ningxiang belonged to Hunan province.[7]
On June 18, 1944, Changsha was captured by theImperial Japanese Army. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Ningxiang from Yiyang and Qiaokou (乔口), a battalion of 58th Division of 74th Army of theChinese Nationalist Army held theWei River bank, they blazed away at the enemy until the supplies were exhausted. They fought hand to hand with the enemy, but they were practically wiped out in the battle, known as the "Battle of Hill of Du Family" (血战杜家山).[7]
On February 9, 1949, Jiang Yaxun (姜亚勋) and Li Shiqiu (李石秋) led the Huang-Tang Uprising (黄唐起义) in both towns of Huangcai and Tangshi. They published theLetter to the People of Central Hunan (告湘中人民书) and theOpen Letter to Cheng Qian (致程潜的公开信). On August 4, Ningxiang was liberated by the 436th Regiment of 146th Division of 49th Army of the PLA 4th Field Army, which was led by Cui Rongtai (崔荣泰) and Wang Qiao (王侨). On August 27, the People's Government of Ningxiang County was set up.[7]
After the establishment of the Communist State in October 1949, Ningxiang was under the jurisdiction of YiyangZhuanqu (益阳专区; 'Yiyang Special Administrative Region'). From 1952 to November 1962, Ningxiang belonged toXiangtan Zhuanqu (湘潭专区; 'Xiangtan Special Administrative Region'), and then belonged to YiyangZhuanqu till June 1983, while the county was under jurisdiction of Changsha.[7]
In 2017, Ningxiang was upgraded to acounty-level city.[8][9]
According to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Ningxiang county on November 19, 2015,[4][10]Fengmuqiao township andXieleqiao town merged toHuitang town,Nantianping township merged toBatang town,Zhuliangqiao township merged toShuangjiangkou town, Ningxiang county has 4 townships, 21 towns and 4 subdistricts under its jurisdiction.
| Name | Chinese character | Population (2005) | Area (Km2) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qingshanqiao | 青山桥镇 | 49,000 | 71.8 | |
| Liushahe | 流沙河镇 | 69,000 | 140.57 | |
| Yutan Subdistrict | 玉潭街道 | 200,000 | 20 | |
| Daolin | 道林镇 | 56,000 | 135 | |
| Huaminglou | 花明楼镇 | 51,000 | 112.4 | |
| Donghutang | 东湖塘镇 | 47,000 | 138 | |
| Xiaduopu | 夏铎铺镇 | 37,000 | 103.4 | |
| Xieleqiao | 偕乐桥镇 | 21,000 | 72.5 | |
| Shuangfupu | 双凫铺镇 | 47,000 | 62.9 | |
| Meitanba | 煤炭坝镇 | 53,000 | 73.4 | |
| Batang | 坝塘镇 | 41,000 | 107 | |
| Huitang | 灰汤镇 | 23,000 | 43 | |
| Shuangjiangkou | 双江口镇 | 38,000 | 89.5 | |
| Laoliangcang | 老粮仓镇 | 63,000 | 121.8 | |
| Xiangzikou | 巷子口镇 | 42,000 | 105.8 | |
| Longtian | 龙田镇 | 21,000 | 72.5 | |
| Hengshi | 横市镇 | 50,000 | 123 | |
| Huilongpu | 回龙铺镇 | 37,000 | 71.8 | |
| Huangcai | 黄材镇 | 62,000 | 220 | |
| Jinzhou | 金洲镇 | 31,000 | 62.1 | |
| Dachengqiao | 大成桥乡 | 43,000 | 106.2 | |
| Zhuliangqiao Township | 朱良桥乡 | 33,000 | 82.72 | |
| Jinghuapu Township | 菁华铺乡 | 32,000 | 65.8 | |
| Nantianping Township | 南田坪乡 | 27,000 | 64 | |
| Zifu | 资福镇 | 38,000 | 87.4 | |
| Fengmuqiao Township | 枫木桥乡 | 38,000 | 72.6 | |
| Yujia'ao Township | 喻家坳乡 | 39,000 | 96.85 | |
| Shatian Township | 沙田乡 | 34,000 | 74.22 | |
| Baimaqiao Subdistrict | 白马桥街道 | 50,000 | 22.8 | |
| Lijingpu Subdistrict | 历经铺街道 | 34,000 | 35 | |
| Chengjiao Subdistrict | 城郊街道 | 50,000 | 22.8 | |
| Weishan Township | 沩山乡 | 14,000 | 42.8 |
Ningxiang County is located in the middle of Hunan province. The county has a total area of 2,903.52 square kilometres (1,121.06 sq mi). The county is bordered byWangcheng District, to the east,Xiangtan County, to the Southeast,Shaoshan,Xiangxiang,Lianyuan, andLoudi, to the south,Anhua County, to the west,Taojiang County andYiyang, to the North.
Ningxiang County is in the monsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate zone and exhibits four distinct seasons. Spring and fall are warm, while winter is chilly with cold winds. Winter temperatures average around 5 °C (41 °F). Summers are very hot and dry with a July daily average of 29 °C (84 °F).
| Climate data for Ningxiang, elevation 75 m (246 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) | 29.9 (85.8) | 32.8 (91.0) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.7 (96.3) | 37.6 (99.7) | 39.6 (103.3) | 41.2 (106.2) | 38.0 (100.4) | 35.2 (95.4) | 31.6 (88.9) | 24.9 (76.8) | 41.2 (106.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) | 11.4 (52.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 22.4 (72.3) | 26.8 (80.2) | 30.0 (86.0) | 33.4 (92.1) | 32.6 (90.7) | 28.3 (82.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 17.3 (63.1) | 11.2 (52.2) | 21.7 (71.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.6 (45.7) | 11.7 (53.1) | 17.8 (64.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 25.9 (78.6) | 29.2 (84.6) | 28.3 (82.9) | 23.9 (75.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 7.3 (45.1) | 17.5 (63.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) | 4.9 (40.8) | 8.7 (47.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.2 (77.4) | 20.7 (69.3) | 15.2 (59.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.4 (39.9) | 14.4 (58.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) | −9.3 (15.3) | −2.4 (27.7) | 2.1 (35.8) | 9.6 (49.3) | 13.1 (55.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 16.7 (62.1) | 11.6 (52.9) | 2.2 (36.0) | −2.0 (28.4) | −10.8 (12.6) | −10.8 (12.6) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 75.8 (2.98) | 88.0 (3.46) | 155.8 (6.13) | 178.4 (7.02) | 202.4 (7.97) | 218.6 (8.61) | 165.4 (6.51) | 117.5 (4.63) | 86.1 (3.39) | 66.0 (2.60) | 78.3 (3.08) | 54.6 (2.15) | 1,486.9 (58.53) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.6 | 14.2 | 17.3 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 14.4 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 155.3 |
| Average snowy days | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 10.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 79 | 79 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 78 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 72.9 | 73.5 | 91.3 | 124.6 | 148.9 | 153.2 | 234.8 | 211.8 | 158.6 | 137.1 | 118.6 | 105.0 | 1,630.3 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 22 | 23 | 24 | 32 | 35 | 37 | 56 | 53 | 43 | 39 | 37 | 33 | 36 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[11][12] | |||||||||||||
TheWei River flows through Ningxiang County and has seven major tributaries: Huangjuan River, Duan River, Mei River, Tiechong River, Yutang River,Chu River andWu River.
TheJin River flows through Ningxiang County toXiangtan, is one of the largest tributaries of theXiang River.
TheHuangcai Reservoir, also known as "Qingyang Lake", is a large reservoir located in the northwestern part of Ningxiang County. It is the largest body of water in Ningxiang County and the largest reservoir in Ningxiang County.
TheTianping Reservoir, also known as "Qingshan Lake", is a large reservoir located in the western part of Ningxiang County. It is the second largest body of water in Ningxiang County and the second largest reservoir in Ningxiang County.
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The highest natural elevation in Ningxiang County is 1071m at Wazizhai (瓦子寨).
The current CPC Party Secretary of Ningxiang is Yu Xinfan and the current mayor is Fu Xuming. He Yinghui is the Chairmen of Ningxiang People's Congress, which is the equal of Head of Parliament. The Chairmen of CPPCC Ningxiang Committee is Deng Jieping.[13]
Ningxiang is one of the most developed counties in Hunan, it ranked the 18th in the Top100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2020.[14] It is one of the best developed manufacturing counties and county-level cities in the province, themanufacturing industry is its economic pillar. Ningxiang's economic engines are food and beverage, Advanced equipment manufacturing, new materials, modern services industry,machinery manufacture andclothing. For example, of 2015, thegross domestic product of Ningxiang County wasCN¥100.22 billion (US$16.09 billion), Of this total, thevalue added of the manufacturing industry was CN¥61.31 billion (US$9.84 billion), shares 61.18 percent of its GDP.[15]
Ningxiang County has a variety of industries, such as the Wangbuliao Clothing, Sundance Clothing,Tsingtao Brewery,Jiajia Food [zh], andSany. The county's manufacturing products include paper, technological equipment, automobiles, food, clothing and other goods. The service sector of the county's economy includes things like banking, health care, construction, communications, education, tourism and government. Tourism comprises a large part of Ningxiang County's economy, with 20 million visitors spending ¥2 billion in 2014.
According to preliminary accounting of the statistical authority, thegross domestic product of Ningxiang City in 2017 was 122,445 millionyuan (18,135 millionUS dollars), up by 10.3 percent over the previous year. Of this total, thevalue added of the primary industry was 12,382 million yuan (1,834 million US dollars), up by 3.9 percent, that of the secondary industry was 80,666 million yuan (11,947 million US dollars), up by 10.6 percent and that of the tertiary industry was 29,397 million yuan (4,354 million US dollars), up by 12.5 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 10.11 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 65.88 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 24.01 percent. The per capita GDP in 2017 was 96,118 yuan (14,236 US dollars).[16]
TheNingxiang Economic and Technological Development Zone (NETZ) consists of parts ofChengjiao,Shuangjiangkou andJinghuapu of Ningxiang County. It was created on 10 January 1998 and upgraded to an ETZ at state level on 11 November 2010. The main industries in the zone consists ofFood andDrink,Advanced Material,advanced equipment manufacturing,health product andcosmetics. As of 2016, its builtup area covers 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi), the totalgross output of scale-sized industries hits 97.07 billion yuan (US$14.61 billion).[17]
As of 2012, theNational Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China estimates the county's population now to be 1,368,117.
Mandarin is the official language. The local people speak bothChangsha dialect andNingxiang dialect [zh].
The county government supports all religions. As of 2015, the majority of people in Ningxiang are atheists. Of those who are religious, most followChinese folk religion. Only 3% of Ningxiang people areBuddhists, 1% areTaoists, and 1% areRoman Catholics orProtestants.
Ningxiang County has its own laws regulating education. The county government require young people to attend school. The age limits vary: six to fifteen. Every child in the county is guaranteed up to9 years of education (Chinese:九年义务教育). Filling classroom from kindergarten to the twelfth grade, they attend classes for an average of five hours a day, five days a week, until the beginning of the following summer.
Ningxiang County's students pass through several levels of schooling, and thus, several curricula, on their way to a high school diploma. They attend:
TheLuoyang–Zhanjiang Railway, more commonly known as "Luzan Railway", fromLuoyang City,Henan Province toZhanjiang City,Guangdong Province, through Ningxiang.[18]
TheShanghai–Kunming high-speed railway passes through the southeastern Ningxiang's Datunying Town and Daolin Town.[18]
TheShimen–Changsha railway passes across the northeastern Ningxiang's Jinzhou Town and Chengjiao Subdistrict.[18]
The G5513 Changsha–Zhangjiajie Expressway runs west to east through Chengjiao Subdistrict and Jinzhou Town.[18]
The S71Yiyang–Loudi–Hengyang Expressway, also popularly known as "Yilouheng Expressway", runs north-south through western Ningxiang, passing through the towns of Qingshanqiao, Liushahe, Laoliangcang, Hengshi, Yujia'ao toYiyang connects to S50Changsha–Shaoshan–Loudi Expressway at Fanjiang Town ofXiangxiang.[18]
The S50Changsha–Shaoshan–Loudi Expressway, locally known as "Changshaolou Expressway", travels through the southern Ningxiang, leading eastwards toYuelu District ofChangsha and westwards toLouxing District ofLoudi.[18]
TheShaoshan Expressway passes north through Datunying Town and connects to S50 Changsha–Shaoshan–Loudi Expressway at Huaminglou Town.[18]
The National Highway G319, commonly abbreviated as "G319", is a northwest-southeast highway passing through the city’s downtown, commercial, and industrial districts in the eastern part of the city.[18]
The Provincial Highway S206 passes through the northern Ningxiang's Jinghuapu Township and Meitanba Town.[18]
The Provincial Highway S208 runs north to south through the eastern Ningxiang's Lijingpu Subdistrict, Xiaduopu Town, Batang Town, Donghutang Town, and Datunying Town.[18]
The Provincial Highway S209 is a major northeast-southwest highway that runs through many of towns and subdistricts in Ningxiang, such as Yutan Subdistrict, Baimaqiao Subdistrict, Huilongpu Town, Dachengqiao Town, Shuangfupu Town, Hengshi Town, Laoliangcang Town, Liushahe Town, and Qingshanqiao Town.[18]
The Provincial Highway S311, runs southeast to northwest through southwestern Ningxiang, and is connected to Provincial Highway S209 at Qingshanqiao Town.[18]
Ningxiang has four famous characteristic cultures. They are:
Ningxiang County's most visitedBuddhist temple isMiyin Temple, which was built inTang dynasty (618–907) inWeishan Township, the county is also known forPuji Temple andShangliu Temple inQingshanqiao Town, andBaiyun Temple in Huilong Mountain.
Huitang Hot Spring is a popular attraction.
TheFormer Residence of Liu Shaoqi,Former Residence of Xie Juezai, andFormer Residence of He Shuheng are well-known tourist spots.
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Ningxiang County is the birthplace of:
Township-level divisions ofNingxiang City (November 19, 2015 - present) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 21Towns |
|  |
| 4Townships | ||
| 4Subdistricts | ||