 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nikolay Bogolyubov" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Nikolay Nikolayevich Bogolyubov[a] (21 August 1909 – 13 February 1992) was aSovietmathematician andtheoretical physicist known for a significant contribution toquantum field theory,classical and quantumstatistical mechanics, and thetheory of dynamical systems; he was the recipient of the 1992Dirac Medal for his works and studies.
Nikolay Bogolyubov was born on 21 August 1909 inNizhny Novgorod,Russian Empire toRussian Orthodox Churchpriest andseminary teacher oftheology,psychology andphilosophy Nikolay Mikhaylovich Bogolyubov, and Olga Nikolayevna Bogolyubova, a teacher of music.
Six months after Nikolay's birth, the family moved toNizhyn, city ofChernihiv Oblast, where his father taught until 1913.
From 1913 to 1918, the family lived inKyiv. Nikolay received his initial education at home. His father taught him the basics of arithmetic, as well as German, French, and English. At the age of six, he attended the preparatory class of the Kyiv Gymnasium. However, he did not stay long in the gymnasium, the family moved to the village ofVelyka Krucha. From 1919 to 1921, he studied at the Velykokruchanska seven-year school – the only educational institution he graduated from.[3]
The family soon moved toKyiv in 1921, where they continued to live in poverty as the elder Nikolay Bogolyubov only found a position as a priest in 1923.[4] After finishing the seven-year school, Bogolyubov independently studied physics and mathematics, and by the age of 14, he was already participating in the seminar of the Department of Mathematical Physics atKyiv University under the supervision of AcademicianDmitry Grave.
In 1924, at the age of 15, Nikolay Bogolyubov wrote his first published scientific paperOn the behavior of solutions of linear differential equations at infinity. In 1925 he entered Ph.D. program at the Academy of Sciences of theUkrainian SSR under the supervision of the well-known contemporary mathematicianNikolay Krylov and obtained the degree ofCandidate of Sciences (equivalent to aPh.D.) in 1928, at the age of 19, with the doctoral thesis titledOn direct methods of variational calculus. In 1930, at the age of 21, he obtained the degree ofDoctor of Sciences (equivalent toHabilitation), the highest degree in the Soviet Union, which requires the recipient to have made a significant independent contribution to his or her scientific field.
This early period of Bogolyubov's work in science was concerned with such mathematical problems as direct methods of thecalculus of variations, the theory ofalmost periodic functions, methods of approximate solution ofdifferential equations, anddynamical systems. This earlier research had already earned him recognition. One of his essays was awarded theBologna Academy of Sciences Prize in 1930, and the author was awarded the erudite degree of doctor of mathematics. This was the period when the scientific career of the young Nikolay Bogolyubov began, later producing new scientific trends in modern mathematics, physics, and mechanics.
Since 1931, Krylov and Bogolyubov worked together on the problems of nonlinear mechanics and nonlinear oscillations. They were the key figures in the "Kyiv school of nonlinear oscillation research", where their cooperation resulted in the paper "On the quasiperiodic solutions of the equations of nonlinear mechanics" (1934) and the bookIntroduction to Nonlinear Mechanics (1937; translated to English in 1947) leading to a creation of a large field of non-linear mechanics.
And this can explain, as the authors believe, the need to shape the collection of problems of non-linear perturbation theory into a special science, which could be named NON-LINEAR MECHANICS.
— N. M. Krylov and N. N. Bogolyubov, New methods in non-linear mechanics, ONTI GTTI, Moscow-Leningrad, 1934
Distinctive features of the Kyiv School approach included an emphasis on the computation of solutions (not just a proof of its existence), approximations of periodic solutions, use of the invariant manifolds in the phase space, and applications of a single unified approach to many different problems. From acontrol engineering point of view, the key achievement of the Kyiv School was the development by Krylov and Bogolyubov of thedescribing function method for the analysis of nonlinear control problems.
In 1936, M. M. Bogolyubov was awarded the title of professor, and from 1936 to 1940, he chaired the Department of Mathematical Physics atKyiv University In 1939, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1994 –National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). In 1940, after the reunification of Northern Bukovyna with Ukraine, Nikolay Bogolyubov was sent toChernivtsi to organize mathematical departments at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics ofChernivtsi State University.
After theGerman attack against theSoviet Union on 22 June 1941 (beginning of theEastern front of World War II), most institutes and universities from the western part were evacuated into the eastern regions, far from the battle lines. Nikolay Bogolyubov moved toUfa, where he became Head of the Departments of Mathematical Analysis atUfa State Aviation Technical University and atUfa Pedagogical Institute, remaining on these positions during the period of July 1941 – August 1943.
In autumn 1943, Bogolyubov came from evacuation to Moscow and on 1 November 1943 he accepted a position in the Department of Theoretical Physics at theMoscow State University (MSU). At that time the Head of the Department wasAnatoly Vlasov (for a short period in 1944 the Head of the Department wasVladimir Fock). Theoretical physicists working in the department in that period includedDmitri Ivanenko,Arseny Sokolov, and other physicists.
In the period 1943–1946, Bogolyubov's research was essentially concerned with the theory ofstochastic processes andasymptotic methods. In his work[citation needed] a simple example of ananharmonic oscillator driven by asuperposition of incoherentsinusoidal oscillations withcontinuous spectrum was used to show that depending on a specific approximation time scale the evolution of the system can be eitherdeterministic, or a stochastic process satisfyingFokker–Planck equation, or even a process which is neither deterministic nor stochastic. In other words, he showed that depending on the choice of the time scale for the corresponding approximations the same stochastic process can be regarded as both dynamical andMarkovian, and in the general case as a non-Markov process. This work was the first to introduce the notion of time hierarchy innon-equilibriumstatistical physics which then became the key concept in all further development of the statistical theory of irreversible processes.
In 1945, Bogolyubov proved a fundamental theorem on the existence and basic properties of a one-parameter integral manifold for a system of non-linear differential equations. He investigated periodic and quasi-periodic solutions lying on a one-dimensional manifold, thus forming the foundation for a new method of non-linear mechanics, themethod of integral manifolds.
In 1946, he published inJETP two works on equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics which became the essence of his fundamental monographProblems of dynamical theory in statistical physics (Moscow, 1946).
On 26 January 1953, Nikolay Bogolyubov became the Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics at MSU, after Anatoly Vlasov decided to leave the position on January 2, 1953.
In 1947, Nikolay Bogolyubov organized and became the Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics at theSteklov Institute of Mathematics. In 1969, the Department of Theoretical Physics was separated into the Departments of Mathematical Physics (HeadVasily Vladimirov), of Statistical Mechanics, and of Quantum Field Theory (HeadMikhail Polivanov). While working in the Steklov Institute, Nikolay Bogolyubov and his school contributed to science with many important works including works on renormalization theory,renormalization group, axiomaticS-matrix theory, and works on the theory of dispersion relations.
In the late 1940s and 1950s, Bogolyubov worked on the theory ofsuperfluidity andsuperconductivity, where he developed the method ofBBGKY hierarchy for a derivation of kinetic equations, formulated microscopic theory of superfluidity, and made other essential contributions. Later he worked onquantum field theory, where introduced theBogoliubov transformation, formulated and proved theBogoliubov's edge-of-the-wedge theorem andBogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem (withOstap Parasyuk), and obtained other significant results. In the 1960s his attention turned to thequark model ofhadrons; in 1965 he was among the first scientists to study the newquantum numbercolor charge.
In 1946, Nikolay Bogolyubov was elected as a Corresponding Member of theAcademy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. He was elected a full member (academician) of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and in full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1953.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(December 2009) |
Since 1956, he worked in theJoint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR),Dubna, Russia, where he was a founder (together withDmitry Blokhintsev) and the first director of theLaboratory of Theoretical Physics. This laboratory, where Nikolay Bogolyubov worked for a long time, has traditionally been the home of the prominent Russian schools inquantum field theory, theoreticalnuclear physics,statistical physics, and nonlinear mechanics. Nikolay Bogolyubov was Director of the JINR in the period 1966–1988.
In the post-war years, M. M. Bogolyubov worked as the dean of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics atKyiv University and headed the Department of Probability Theory at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (now –NASU Institute of Mathematics). His first students in nonlinear mechanics wereYurii Mitropolskyi and Yu. V. Blagoveshchensky, and in probability theory and mathematical statistics, I. I. Gikhman.
In the first half of the 1960s, Bogolyubov worked on organizing theInstitute for Theoretical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (now – Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of theNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and from 1966 to 1973, he served as its director.[5] When the institute was established in 1966, it consisted of three departments: Mathematical Methods in Theoretical Physics (Head: Academician Ostap Parasyuk), Theory of the Nucleus (Head:Alexander Davydov), and Theory of Elementary Particles (Albert Tavkhelidze). In 1968, the institute organized the Department of Nuclear Reaction Theory (Head: Oleksiy Sytenko).
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Nikolay Bogolyubov was married (since 1937) to Evgenia Pirashkova.[6] They had two sons – Pavel and Nikolay (jr). Nikolay Boglyubov (jr) is a theoretical physicist working in the fields of mathematical physics and statistical mechanics. Pavel was a theoretical physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, senior researcher, and head of the sector at the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of theJoint Institute for Nuclear Research.[7]
Nikolay Bogolyubov was a scientific supervisor[8] ofYurii Mitropolskiy,Dmitry Shirkov,Selim Krein, Iosif Gihman, Tofik Mamedov,Kirill Gurov,Mikhail Polivanov, Naftul Polsky, Galina Biryuk,Sergei Tyablikov,Dmitry Zubarev,Vladimir Kadyshevsky,Yuri Klimontovich,[9] and many other students. His method of teaching, based on creation of a warm atmosphere, politeness and kindness, is famous in Russia and is known as the "Bogolyubov approach".
Nikolay Bogolyubov received various high USSR honors and international awards. Although he was nominated 52 times for Noble Prize.. unfortunately he could not get a Noble Prize.Nomination Achieve of Nobel Prize
Institutions, awards and locations have been named in Bogolyubov's memory:
In 2009, thecentenary of Nikolay Bogolyubov's birth was celebrated with two conferences in Russia and Ukraine:
Fundamental works of Nikolay Bogolyubov were devoted to asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical field theory, variational calculus, approximation methods in mathematical analysis, equations of mathematical physics, theory of stability, theory of dynamical systems, and to many other areas.
He built a new theory of scattering matrices, formulated the concept ofmicroscopical causality, obtained important results in quantum electrodynamics, and investigated on the basis of theedge-of-the-wedge theorem the dispersion relations in elementary particle physics. He suggested a new synthesis of the Bohr theory of quasiperiodic functions and developed methods for asymptotic integration of nonlinear differential equations which describe oscillating processes.
Mathematics and Non-linear Mechanics:
Statistical Mechanics:
Quantum Field Theory:
