| Nikephoros Bryennios | |
|---|---|
| Usurper of theByzantine Empire | |
| Reign | 1077–1078 |
| Predecessor | Michael VII |
| Successor | Nikephoros III |
| Father | Nikephoros Bryennios |
Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder (Greek:Νικηφόρος Βρυέννιος),Latinized asNicephorus Bryennius, was aByzantine Greekgeneral who tried to establish himself asEmperor in the lateeleventh century. His contemporaries considered him the best tactician in the empire.[citation needed]
Nikephoros had steadily risen through the ranks of the military, to the point that he was given an important command byRomanos IV at theBattle of Manzikert in 1071.[1] Commanding the left wing of the Byzantine forces, he was one of the very few generals who performed well at that battle.[2]
In 1072–1073, he served asdoux ofBulgaria, where he reimposed Byzantine control after a series of uprisings,[3] and was afterwards elevated to the important position ofdoux ofDyrrhachium.[4] In about 1077 Nikephoros, by now the former governor of Dyrrhachium, became disgusted withMichael VII's treaty with theSeljuk Turks, whereby large swathes ofAnatolia were handed over to them,[5] and decided that Michael was ineffective and inept.[6] The weakness of the emperor, the avarice of his chief ministers, and the discovery that Michael's chief minister,Nikephoritzes, had listed him for assassination, encouraged him to make an attempt on the throne.[6]
Assembling an army of Vlachs, Bulgarians, Sclavonians, Italians, Franks, Uzes and native troops from the Peloponnese,[5] in November 1077 his forces reached the walls ofConstantinople.[6] Unconcerned about the inhabitants of Constantinople, he allowed his troops to plunder and burn the city's suburbs.[5] The conduct of his troops produced so determined an opposition to his claims, that the detested Michael forced him to raise the siege and retreat into Thrace,[2] using the excuse of aPechenegs incursion into Thrace as cover.[5]
His political weakness allowedNikephoros III Botaneiates to become emperor, who offered Bryennios the title ofCaesar if he would submit to him. Bryennios refused, and Botaneiates sent the youngAlexios Komnenos against him with an army composed of native troops, Franks and Turkish cavalry.[7] Despite possessing a significantly superior army, at theBattle of Kalavrye, near the river Halmyros, Bryennios was defeated and captured. He was subsequentlyblinded.[8] As he no longer posed a threat, Nikephoros III allowed his estates and property to be returned to him, and gave Bryennios new honours. Bryennios apparently retired to his base atAdrianople.[9] Despite his blindness, he led the defence of the city against aCuman attack in 1094/5, led by a pretender who claimed to beConstantine Diogenes, the son ofRomanos IV Diogenes, who had died in 1073.[10]
Bryennios had at least one son. It is unclear whether the general and historianNikephoros Bryennios the Younger, who was married to the daughter of emperorAlexios I Komnenos,Anna Komnene, was his son or grandson.[11]