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| Operation Markolet | |
|---|---|
| The Night of the Bridges Part of Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | |
| Location | |
| Planned | January–February 1946 |
| Planned by | Haganah |
| Target | Bridges to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Kingdom of Egypt |
| Date | 16 June 1946 (1946-06-16)–17 June 1946 (1946-06-17) |
| Executed by | Palmach |
| Casualties | 15 (14 Palmach members, 1 British Royal Engineer) killed 5Palmach members injured |
TheNight of the Bridges (formallyOperation Markolet) was aHaganah venture on the night of 16 to 17 June 1946 in theBritish Mandate of Palestine, as part of theJewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–47). Its aim was to destroy eleven bridges linkingMandatory Palestine to the neighboring countriesLebanon,Syria,Transjordan andEgypt, in order to suspend the transportation routes used by theBritish Army. Attacks on a further three bridges had been considered, but were not executed.
Only one operation failed: thePalmach, the elite fighting force of the Haganah, suffered 14 killed and 5 injured at the NahalAkhziv bridges, after the group was spotted by Arabs working for the British, who opened fire on them and prematurely detonated the explosives. The other operations succeeded without injuries. One BritishRoyal Engineer was killed while trying to defuse an undetonated bomb the following day.[1]
To disguise and protect the real operations and to confuse theBritish forces, around 50 diversionary operations and ambushes were carried out throughout the country on the same night. The confusion also allowed the Palmach members to escape more easily after completion of the operations.
The Haganah started the preparations in January–February 1946. First, theSHAI (Haganah Intelligence Service), Palmach patrols and forces scheduled to carry out the operation began spotting, photographing and measuring the targets but also exploring possible access and escape paths. They were disguised as lovers enjoying nature or as people on geography excursions.
Originally, the operation should have taken place in May, but due to political reasons it was postponed.
The political leadership forbade an attack on four targets: the railway bridge between the Ras an-Nakura tunnels, and the three bridges over the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers leading to theNaharayim power plant.
| Bridge | Type | To country | Coordinates | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bridge between Ras an-Nakura tunnels,Ras an-Nakura (Rosh HaNikra) | railway | Lebanon | 33°05′41″N35°06′16″E / 33.09472°N 35.10444°E /33.09472; 35.10444 | Restoring the tunnel would be too difficult and it was within Lebanon |
| Over theYarmuk, nearGesher | railway | Jordan | 32°38′42″N35°34′22″E / 32.64500°N 35.57278°E /32.64500; 35.57278 | Led to the power station inNaharayim |
| Jisr Majami over theJordan, nearGesher | railway | Jordan | 32°38′06″N35°33′57″E / 32.63500°N 35.56583°E /32.63500; 35.56583 | Led to the power station inNaharayim |
The planners knew that the operation could not cause heavy damage, and that it would only take some weeks for the connections to be restored.[2]The real targets were:[citation needed]
The objectives were fully achieved. The Haganah could hit multiple strategic targets at the same time. As a precaution, the Syrian, Lebanese and Trans-Jordanian armies were put on standby, and the borders were tightened. The British Mandate suffered estimated financial damage of 250,000 pounds sterling.[3]
Twelve days later, on 29 June 1946, partly in response to the bridge bombings, the British launchedOperation Agatha, whose main goal was to suppress the state of anarchy in Palestine by capturing the most militant Zionists. Numbers for involved British personal varies between 10,000, 17,000[4] and 25,000. During that surprise action, around 2,700 Jews were arrested, including the senior leadership of the Haganah.[5] The British obtained documentary evidence of Jewish Agency involvement in paramilitary acts and collusion between the Haganah and the more violent groups, Irgun and Lehi.
In his bookPublish It Not: The Middle East Cover-up,Christopher Mayhew recounted the collaboration ofLabour MPsRichard Crossman andJohn Strachey in the attack:
"One day, Crossman, now in the House of Commons, came to see Strachey … [Crossman] had heard from his friends in the Jewish Agency that they were contemplating an act of sabotage … Should this be done, or should it not? Few would be killed … Crossman asked Strachey for his advice … The next day in the smoking room at the House of Commons, Strachey gave his approval to Crossman. The Haganah went ahead and blew up all the bridges over the [River] Jordan."[6]
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