TheNigerian Air Force (NAF) is the air branch of theNigerian Armed Forces. It is the youngest branch of theNigerian Armed Forces, established four years after the nation became independent. As at 2021, the air force is one of the largest in Africa, consisting of over 18,000 personnel.[3] Some of its popular aircraft include theChengdu F-7s,Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jets,JF-17 Thunder Block II,T129 Atak,Agusta Westland 109,Eurocopter EC135 andEmbraer EMB 314 Super Tucano.
Although an air force was originally proposed in 1958, many lawmakers preferred to rely on the United Kingdom for air defense.[citation needed] But duringpeacekeeping operations inCongo andTanganyika, theNigerian Army had noair transport of its own, and so in 1962, the government began to recruitcadets for pilot training in various foreign countries, with the first ten being taught by theEgyptian Air Force.[4]
The Nigerian Air Force was formally established on 18 April 1964 with the passage of the Air Force Act 1964. The Act stated that the "Nigerian Air Force shall be charged with the defense of the Federal Republic by air, and to give effect thereto, the personnel shall be trained in such duties as in the air as well as on the ground." The NAF was formed with technical assistance fromWest Germany (nowFederal Republic of Germany). The air force started life as a transport unit with the first air crew trained with theEthiopian Air Force. The second set of cadets underwent training in February 1963 with the RoyalCanadian Air Force while some cadets were sent to train with theIndian Air Force.[5]
The head of the German Air Force Assistance Group (GAFAG) was ColonelGerhard Kahtz, and he became the first commander of the NAF. The nucleus of the NAF was thus established with the formation of the Nigerian Air Force headquarters at the Ministry of Defense.
The NAF did not acquire combat capability until severalMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 aircraft were presented by the Soviet Union in support of Nigeria's war effort during the Nigerian Civil War. On 13 August 1967, following several damaging attacks by Biafran aircraft, theUSSR started delivering the first MiG-17s from Egypt to Kano IAP, simultaneously sending a large shipment aboard a Polish merchant ship. Initially twoMiG-15UTI (NAF601 and NAF 602), and eightMiG-17 (NAF603 to NAF610) were supplied to Nigeria. Later sixIl-28 bombers, initially flown upon deployment by Egyptian and Czech pilots, were delivered from Egypt and stationed at Calabar and Port Harcourt.[citation needed]
In July 1971, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated that NAF had 7,000 personnel and 32 combat aircraft: sixIlyushin Il-28 medium bombers, eightMiG-17, eightAero L-29 Delfín jet trainers, and 10P-149D trainers. Other aircraft included sixC-47, 20Do-27/28, and eightWestland Whirlwind andAlouette II helicopters.[citation needed]
During the 1970s, Nigeria boughtLockheed C-130 Hercules from the United States. Six were acquired at a total cost of $45 million. 25Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MFs and six MiG-21UM were delivered in 1975 upon the advent of the Murtala-Obasanjo administration that replaced the regime of GeneralYakubu Gowon. Most of these aircraft were deployed, making the NAF one of the most formidable air forces in Africa during this period.[citation needed]
Jimi Peters wrote: "...the 1975-1980 NAF development plan restructured NAF formations" into group (air force) level units that reported to air force headquarters. That structure, he went on, was found too cumbersome, and thus two intermediate commands (military formations) were formed in 1978: NAF Tactical Air Command and NAF Training Command.[citation needed]
From 1984, 18SEPECAT Jaguar fighters (13 Jaguar SNs and 5 Jaguar BNs) were delivered and operated from Makurdi. They retired in 1991. Nigeria purchased 24Aero L-39 Albatros armed jet trainers in 1986–87, having retired its fleet ofL-29 that were donated to the Republic of Ghana Air Force at the inception of the West African Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) operations in Liberia. A subsequent attempt to expand the fleet by acquiring 27 more in 1991 was not executed.
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In 2005, under the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo, the Nigerian Parliament appropriated US$251 million to purchase 15Chengdu F-7 fighter aircraft from China. The deal included 12F-7NI (NI-Nigeria) single-seat fighter variant, and 3 FT-7NI dual-seat trainer aircraft. The $251 million package included $220 million for 15 aircraft, plus $32 million for armaments: live PL-9C AAM, training PL-9 rounds, unguided rockets, and 250/500 kg bombs. The pioneer NAF pilots on the aircraft trained in China in 2008, while delivery of the aircraft began in 2009. Nigeria had previously considered a $160 million deal to refurbish its fleet ofMiG-21s by Aerostar/Elbit Systems, IAI, and RSK MiG. However, it was considered more cost-effective to opt for acquiring the F-7s which were brand new. Nigeria also initiated modification of its variant of the F7, including installing some western equipment and avionics and hence its official designation as "F7-Ni" to reflect that its variant differs in some respects from a typical Chinese F-7. With this acquisition, the fleet of MiG 21s was subsequently retired. The Federal Government of Nigeria under the same dispensation acquired someATR Maritime Patrol aircraft, built by EADS and Finmeccania / Alenia Aeronautica, boosting the capacity of the service to carry out extensive Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions on land and far into the sea.
From September 2009, Nigeria began refurbishing some of itsC-130 aircraft beginning with the NAF 917 which it brought back to life with the support of U.S. Air Forces Africa and 118th Airlift Wing. The NAF has subsequently further improved its domestic capacity with the increase in the serviceability of a good number of its transport aircraft.
The NAF designed and built its first indigenous UAV, the "Gulma," which was unveiled by former presidentGoodluck Jonathan in Kaduna, who said that the "Gulma" would be useful in aerial imaging/mapping, telecommunications, and weather monitoring. According to him, the UAV was rapidly becoming an important tool in news coverage,environmental monitoring, and oil and gas exploration.[6]
On 24 March 2011, the new Air Officer Commanding of NAF Mobility Command, Air Vice Marshal John Aprekuma, explained the rationale behind the establishment of the headquarters of the newly established Air Force Mobility Command in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State as being part of the Federal Government's strategy to protect its socio-economic interest in the Niger Delta, affirming that the presence of the command's headquarters would bring about security and calm to the people of the State.
On 9 December 2011, the Nigerian Air Force commissioned its first female pilot,Blessing Liman, following a directive to the NAFhierarchy by former President Goodluck Jonathan, for the service to start offering flying opportunities to qualified Nigerian female citizens, especially since women had long been flying civil aviation aircraft in the country but did not get a chance to fly in the military.[7]
In March 2014, the Nigerian Government approached Pakistan for the purchase of joint Chinese-Pakistani madeCAC/PAC JF-17 "Thunder" multi-role fighter aircraft. In December 2015, the Government of President Muhammadu Buhari presented a budget to the National Assembly that included N5bn for three JF-17 aircraft. On 28 March 2018, 'The Diplomat' reported Pakistan as confirming the sale of three JF-17s to Nigeria. In March 2020, NAF Chief of Air Staff announced the delivery schedule of three JF-17 Thunder to be affected in November 2020. It is understood that the Buhari administration will expand the fleet of JF-17 fighter aircraft upon an expression of satisfaction by NAF Generals, with the performance of the initial batch procured.
In December 2017, NAF formally announced that the United States of America had agreed to sell theA-29 Super Tucano attack aircraft to Nigeria after the deal had previously stalled.[8]
In November 2018, Sierra Nevada was officially awarded the contract for the 12 Super Tucano aircraft for the NAF, with an estimated completion date by 2024.
On 2 January 2019, oneMi-35M attack helicopter from the Nigerian Air Force helicopter squadron crashed in Damasak, Borno State while providing close-air support for troops of the 145 Battalion combating Boko Haram insurgents, killing all on board. The Mi-35 in the fleet of the NAF is the top-of-the-range model acquired in the life of the administration of President Muhammadu Buhari that had also ordered severalMi-171 andAgusta 109 helicopters from both Mil Moscow Helicopters of Russia and Italy's Leonardo Aerospace for the service.
On 15 October 2019, the NAF winged its first female combat fighter jet pilot, Flight Lieutenant Kafayat Sanni, and its first female combat helicopter pilot LieutenantTolulope Arotile. They were amongst thirteen other pilots also winged on the same day.[9][10]
In April 2020, Embraer reported the completion of the first set of Super Tucanos out of the 12 on order, with an expected full delivery in 2021.
The Air Force includes a service headquarters, 6 principal staff branches, 4 direct reporting units, and 4 operational commands.[11]
TheChief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the principal or lead adviser to the President and also the Minister of Defense and the Chief of Defense Staff, on air-related defense matters. The Nigerian Air Force headquarters is responsible for establishing long and short-term mission objectives and articulating policies, carrying out plans and procedures for the attainment of peace and stability. Also, HQ Nigerian Air Force liaises with theNigerian Army andNigerian Navy on joint operational policies and plans. The headquarters Nigerian Air Force consists of the office of theChief of the Air Staff and 8 staff or branches namely; Policy and Plans Branch, Operations Branch, Air Engineering Branch, Logistics Branch, Administration Branch, Accounts and Budget Branch, Inspections Branch and Air Secretary Branch respectively. Each of these branches is headed by anAir Vice Marshal as branch chief.
In 2017, Key Publishing/Air Forces Monthly wrote that NAF commands included:
..two new training commands derived from the now defunct Kaduna-based Training Command – the Air Training Command (ATC) with its HQ at Kaduna and the Ground Training Command (GTC) with its HQ at Enugu; and the Lagos-based Logistics Command. Every command has several subordinate groups, each of which has at least one wing – and each wing includes one or more squadrons. Wings are not always co-located with their parent unit, and while the numerical designations of some flying wings are known, information on current flying squadrons is not openly available.[12]
Nigerian Air Force Tactical Air Command (TAC), with its headquarters situated atMakurdi, is responsible for interpreting, implementing and controlling Nigerian Air Force operational plans.
Nigerian Air Force Mobility Command, headquartered atYenagoa, was established in 2011. It has five other commands located inLagos,Ilorin,Calabar,Warri andAbuja. The Mobility Command performs tactical and strategic airlift in support of government and military operations.
Nigerian Air Force Training Command, located atOld Kaduna Airport, is chiefly responsible for the training of recruits, ground support crew, and technicians.[14][15]
Nigerian Air Force Logistics Command, headquartered atIkeja, Lagos, is tasked to acquire, maintain and sustain equipment in a state of operational readiness and at a minimum cost consistent with Nigerian Air Force mission requirements.
Nigerian Air Force Special Operations Command (SOC), headquartered atBauchi,Bauchi State.[16][17]
The Nigerian Air Force also maintains and is the primary custodian of the air fleet in which the president flies on, as well as other state and foreign dignitaries. The fleet accounts for 10 various fixed wings and rotary aircraft.[18] According to the government, there are 10 aircraft in the fleet. They include two each ofAgustaWestland AW189, andFalcon 7X, as well as one each ofBombardier Challenger 605,Boeing Business Jet,Falcon 900,Hawker 4000,Gulfstream G500, andGulfstream G550. The fleet is situated at the Presidential Wing of theNnamdi Azikiwe International Airport.
In 2024, an Airbus was acquired for presidential travel. Reported to have cost N150 billion, the 15-year-old plane is said to have an elaborate configuration for VIPs and replaces the president's former plane, a 19-year-old Boeing BBJ 737-700.[19]
The rank insignia ofcommissioned officers.
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Nigerian Air Force[20] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||
| Marshal of the air force | Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | ||||||||||||||
The rank insignia ofnon-commissioned officers andenlisted personnel.
| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigerian Air Force[20] |  | | | | | | | No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Air warrant officer | Master warrant officer | Warrant officer | Flight sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Lance corporal | Aircraftman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |  |  |  |
| Numbers | Model | Origin | In service since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerostar Tactical UAS | Israel | 2006, believed to have been decommissioned due to a lack of spare parts | |
| 3 | PD-1 | Ukraine | Believed to have entered service in late 2020[21] |
| Tekever AR3 | Portugal[22] | In service with theNigerian Navy since 2021 | |
| Aerosonde Mk4 | USA/Australia | Made in Australia, delivered from the US, with theNigerian Army since 2022 | |
| ALTI Transition | South Africa | In service with theNigerian Police since 2022[23] | |
| at least 3 | Elistair Orion 2 | France | In service with the Nigerian Police for border protection since 2022[24] |
| Gulma | Nigeria | 2013, not meant to enter active service | |
| Tsaigumi | Nigeria | 2018, designed in collaboration with the Portuguese companyUAVision. Not destined to enter active service till 2021. |
| Numbers | Model | Origin | In service since |
|---|---|---|---|
| CASC Rainbow CH-3A | China | 2014 | |
| CASC Rainbow CH-4A | China | since late 2021 | |
| 2(according to Chinese state sources)[25] | CAIGWing Loong II | China | 2021 |
| Yabhon Flash-20 | United Arab Emirates | in service at least up from 2021 | |
| 6[26] | Bayraktar TB2 | Turkey | Made in Turkey, delivered to and flown by the Nigerian Army[26] |
| minimum 10[27] | Songar VTOL | Turkey | 2022[27] |
| Ichoku | Nigeria | reportedly in development since 2017. Not yet seen. |
The Nigerian military has made several mistakes while conducting air strikes in recent times. One particularly fatal error happened in December 2023, when the Nigerian forcesaccidentally hit a village with an armed UAV innorthwestern Nigeria killing 85 civilians[41][42] celebrating a Muslim festival. The army said they thought the people were rebels.[43]
In 2024, aChristmas Day airstrike inSokoto state killed at least 10 people and injured many others.[44] The military targeted the terror groupLakurawa in the villages of Gidan Sama and Rumtuwa, but civilians were caught in the crossfire. The incident raised concerns among human rights groups, includingAmnesty International, which called on the Nigerian military to review its procedures and avoid such deadly accidents in the future.
Other reported and noteworthy incidents include:
According to SBM Intelligence, a Lagos-based research firm, more than 400 Nigerian civilians have died during these types of incidents between 2017 and 2025.[46]Unfortunately, no significant lessons or operational changes have resulted from these mishaps as they seem to regularly recur.
