KingNiðhad,Níðuðr,Niðungr orNiduth was a cruel king in Germanic legend. He appears as Níðuðr in theOld NorseVölundarkviða, asNiðung in theÞiðrekssaga, and asNiðhad in theAnglo-Saxon poemsDeor andWaldere.
The legend of Níðuðr and Wayland also appears on theGotlandicArdre image stone VIII from the 8th century and possibly on the front panel of the 7th centuryAnglo-SaxonFranks Casket. However, Austin Simmons has recently argued that it is not Niðhad who is depicted, but his daughter Beadohilde (twice).[1]
InVölundarkviða,[2] Níðuðr appears to be a king ofNärke (theNjars) and capturesVölund. Níðuðr orders Völundhamstrung and imprisoned on the island of Sævarstaðir. There, Völund was forced to forge items for the king. Völund's wife's ring was given to the king's daughter,Bodvild, and Níðuðr wore Völund'ssword.
For revenge, Völund killed the king's sons when they visited him in secret, fashionedgoblets from their skulls, jewels from their eyes, and a brooch from their teeth. He sent the goblets to the king, the jewels to the queen and the brooch to the kings' daughter. When Bodvild took her ring to him to be mended, he took the ring and seduced her, fathering a son and escaping on wings he made.
In theÞiðrekssaga,[3] Niðung is the king ofJutland. A master smith named Velent arrived in Niðung's kingdom, and Niðung graciously accepted Velent as a servant at his court. One day Velent had lost Niðung's knife, but he secretly made another one for the king. When Niðung discovered that his knife cut better than it used to, he enquired about this with Velent. The smith lied and said that it was Amilias, the court smith, who had made it.
Suspicious, Niðung put the two smiths to a test. Velent would forge a sword and Amilias an armour, and then Velent was to use the sword trying to kill Amilias who would wear the armour. However, when Velent was to make the sword he discovered that his tools had disappeared. As he suspected the chieftain Regin to be the thief, Velent made a lifelike statue of Regin. Niðung understood that Velent was the master smith Velent himself, and Velent got his tools back.
Velent forged the great sword Mimung and an ordinary sword. When Velent and Amilias began to fight Velent cut Amilias so finely with Mimung that Amilias did not discover that he was cut in half until Velent asked him to shake. Then Amilias fell apart. Niðung then asked for the great sword Mimung, but Velent gave him the ordinary sword, which was a copy of Mimung.
One day during a war expedition Niðung found out that he had forgotten his magic victory stoneSiegerstein. Desperately he offered his own daughter to the knight who could bring the stone to him before the next morning. Velent went back and fetched the stone, but another knight wanted to claim the stone and the princess. Velent killed the knight which greatly upset Niðung. Velent had to leave Niðung's kingdom.
Velent later returned in disguise to Niðung's kingdom and gave the daughter alove philter. The plan failed because the princess' magic knife showed her the danger before she had imbibed the potion. Velent then exchanged the knife for an ordinary knife of his own making, but when the princess noticed that the new knife was much better than the old one, the disguised Velent was revealed. Niðung then ordered that Velent's knee tendons be cut as a punishment and Velent was set to work in the smithy.
Wanting revenge, Velent seduced and impregnated the princess and killed Niðung's two sons, making table ware of their bones. Then Velent's brotherEgil arrived at the court. Niðung ordered Egil toshoot an apple from the head of his son. He readied two arrows, but succeeded with the first one. Asked by the king what the second arrow was for, he said that had he killed his son with his first arrow, he would have shot the king with the second one. This tale is directly comparable to the legends ofWilliam Tell andPalnetoke. In contrast to the treatment of the motif inTell, however, the king does not punish Egil for his openness, but rather commends him for it.
To help his brother, Egil shot birds and collected their feathers, of which Velent made a pair of wings. Velent tied a bladder filled with blood around his waist and flew away. Niðung commanded Egil to shoot his fleeing brother, who hit the bladder, deceiving Niðung, and so Velent got away.
In the poemDeor there is a stanza which refers to an Old English version of the legend of Welund and his captivity at the court of Nithad:
|
|
The third stanza ofDeor is ungrammatical and obscure in meaning, but some commentators have inferred that it focuses on Niðhad.[7]: 208–11
In the Old English fragment known asWaldere, Niðhad is mentioned together with Wayland andWidia in a praise of Mimmung,Waldere's sword that Weyland had made.
|
|