| Ngunawal–Gundungurra | |
|---|---|
| Burragorang, Northern Inland Yuin | |
| Onerwal | |
| Region | New South Wales and theACT Australia |
| Ethnicity | Ngunnawal,Gandangara |
| Extinct | by 1994 (Ngunnawal) 80 (2014, Gundungurra) |
| Revival | revival efforts for both languages |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:xul – Ngunawalxrd – Gundungurra |
| Glottolog | nort2760 |
| AIATSIS[1] | D3 Ngunawal/Ngunnawal,S60 Gundungurra |
| ELP | |
Ngunnawal/Ngunawal andGundungurra areAustralian Aboriginal languages, and the traditional languages of theNgunnawal andGandangara. Ngunnawal and Gundungurra are very closely related and the two were most likely highly mutually intelligible. As such they can be considered dialects of a single unnamed language, but this is the technical linguistic usage of these terms and Ngunnawal and Gundungurra peoples prefer to describe their individual varieties as separate languages in their own right.[2]
Gundungurra/Ngunawal is generally classified to fall within the tentative (and perhaps geographic)Yuin–Kuric group of thePama–Nyungan family.[3]
The traditional country of the Ngunnawal people is generally thought to have extended east nearGoulburn, North toBoorowa, south through Canberra, perhaps even to Queanbeyan, and extending west to around theGoodradigbee River.[2]
The language wasextinct by 1994.[4] Some recordings of the last native speakers exist, but they did not bring their children up to speak the language. The Ngunnawal community has for some years been engaged in work to revive the language, aiming to bring it back into daily use within the community. They have been working withAIATSIS linguists to assist them with this work, and with identifying historical records that can be used.[5]
| Labial | Apico- alveolar | Lamino- dental | Lamino- palatal | Dorso- velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | b | d | d̪ | ɟ | g |
| Nasal | m | n | n̪ | ɲ | ŋ |
| Trill | r | ||||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | |||
| Approximant | w | ɹ | j |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i, iː | u, uː | |
| Low | a, aː |
| Ngunawal | English | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Balbo | Kangaroo rat | [8] |
| Bamir | Long | [9] |
| Bargang | Yellow box | [10][11] |
| Berra | Boomerang | [12] |
| Bimbi | Bird | [11] |
| Bimbiang | Shield | [13] |
| Bindugan | Mussel | [14] |
| Birrigai | To laugh | [15][16] |
| Budyan | Birds | [17] |
| Bunburung | Small lizard | [18] |
| Bunduluk | Rosella | [19] |
| Bunima | Blow (as wind) | [14] |
| Burrai | Quick | [20] |
| Burrum-bah | Where the kangaroo, the wallaby, bounces over the rocks | [21] |
| Bural | Day | [22] |
| Burin | Stringybark | [23] |
| Dhangarn | Food | [24] |
| Daramoolen | Dreaming | [14] |
| Darwa | A transition for ceremony | [21] |
| Dulwa | Casuarina trees | [11] |
| Dyindan | Ring-tail possum | [14] |
| Galu | Crane | [25] |
| Gamburra | Flowers | [26] |
| Gang-gang | Gang-gang cockatoo | [27][6] |
| Giliruk | pee wee | [28] |
| Ginninderra | Sparkling light | [29] |
| Ginin-ginin-derry | Sparkling, throwing out little rays of light (possibly a description of a waterfall) | [30] |
| Gubbity | Pipeclay | [14] |
| Gubur Dhaura | Red ochre ground | [31] |
| Gudali | To hunt | [32] |
| Guginya | Kookaburra | [32] |
| Gula | Koala | [32] |
| Gulwan | Younger sister | [14] |
| Gummiuk | Bulrushes | [11] |
| Gunyan | Slow | [33] |
| Jedbinbilla | A place where boys become men | [15][21][34] |
| Gurubun | Koala | [35] |
| Kubbadang | Moon | [14] |
| Karrugang | Magpie | [36] |
| Kudyera | Fighting club | [37] |
| Kanbarra | Meeting Place[citation needed] | |
| Madi | Very | [14] |
| Mulleun | Eagle | [38] |
| Mulunggang | Platypus | [39] |
| Mundang | Canoe | [40] |
| Mundawari | Bandicoot | [41] |
| Munjuwa | Tracks, Foot | [14] |
| Mura | Pathway | [32][42] |
| Mura gadi | Pathways for searching | [43] |
| Murra Bidgee Mullangari | Keeping the pathway to our ancestors alive | [44] |
| Murrung | Lizard | [45] |
| Nangi | To see or look | [46] |
| Narragunnawali | Alive/well-being/coming together | [47] |
| Nengi Bamir | See far (view) | [11] |
| Ngadyung | Water | [40] |
| Ngunna yerrabi yanggu | You're welcome to leave your footprints on our land | [48] |
| Nguru | Camp | [40] |
| Pajong | Ngunnawal clan group | [14] |
| Tuggeranong | Cold place | [49] |
| Umbagong | Axe | [50][51] |
| Walga | Hawk | [52] |
| Wallabalooa | Ngunnawal clan group | [14] |
| Warabin | Curlew | [53] |
| Warrumbul | Youth | [54] |
| Weereewa | Lake George (translates roughly to "bad water") | [21][55][56] |
| Wimbaliri | Drink | [14] |
| Winnunga nimmityjah | Strong health | [57] |
| Winyu | Sun | [58] |
| Wirria | Tree goanna | [59] |
| Woggabaliri | Play | [60] |
| Wolway | Waterfall | [61] |
| Yarrh | Running water | [62] |
| Yeal-am-bid-gie | Molonglo River | [63] |
| Yerra | Swim,[11] to fly like a bird[64] | |
| Yerrabi | To walk | [65] |
| Yerradhang | Eucalyptus Tree | [14] |
| Yukkumbruk | Black Crow | |
| Yumba | Eel | [66] |
| Yuyu | Mopoke | [14] |
More words are compiled inThe Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales,[6][67] an article by Robert H. Mathews first published in theJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1904.
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