| Newton Abbot | |
|---|---|
 View over central Newton Abbot taken from Wolborough Hill, July 2005 | |
 Flag | |
  Newton Abbot Location withinDevon | |
| Population | 25,556 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SX860713 |
| Civil parish |
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| District | |
| Shire county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | NEWTON ABBOT |
| Postcode district | TQ12 |
| Dialling code | 01626 |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| UK Parliament | |
| 50°31′44″N3°36′36″W / 50.529°N 3.610°W /50.529; -3.610 | |
Newton Abbot is amarket town andcivil parish on theRiver Teign in theTeignbridge District ofDevon, England. Its population was 24,029 in 2011, and was estimated at 26,655 in 2019.[1] It grew rapidly in theVictorian era as the home of theSouth Devon Railway locomotive works. This later became a major steamengine shed, retained to serviceBritish Railways diesel locomotives until 1981. It now houses the Brunel industrial estate. The town has arace course nearby, the most westerly in England,[2] and acountry park, Decoy.[3] It is twinned withBesigheim inGermany andAy inFrance.
Newton Abbot does not appear in theDomesday Book of 1086. It is first documented in the late 12th century in Latin asNova Villa: "new farm". In 1201 it was recorded asNieweton' abbatis: "New settlement belonging to the abbot". The land was granted toTorre Abbey by William de Briwere in 1196.[4]
Robert Bussell acquired the area in theHighweek parish andTeignbridge Hundred, which was then Newton Bushel.[5] The twin towns worked together and their markets were eventually combined. Local noted antiquarianCecil Torr states that the town continued to be known simply as Newton or Newton Bushel to the majority of people prior to the arrival of the railway, which named the station Newton Abbot in order to distinguish it fromother towns called Newton on the railway network.[6]
Even after the arrival of the railway, the mononym "Newton" remained in common use, withRichard Nicholls Worth noting in 1880 that "Newton is a modern development of the ancient towns of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushell, which the railway has made into an important centre".[7]
Traces ofNeolithic inhabitants have been found atBerry's Wood Hill Fort nearBradley Manor. This was a contourhill fort that enclosed about 11 acres (4.5 ha).[8]Milber Down camp was built before the 1st century BC and later occupied briefly by theRomans, whose coins have been found there.[9]
Highweek Hill has the remains of a Normanmotte-and-bailey castle, known as Castle Dyke. A village grew up around the castle, first called Teignwick, and laterHighweek, implying a village on the high ground.[10] Another settlement developed on the low ground around theRiver Lemon and would become part of Wolborough Manor.
There has been a thriving market in Newton Abbot for over 750 years – the first market charter was granted in 1220.
The New Town of the Abbots (ofTorre Abbey) was given the right some time between 1247 and 1251 to hold a weekly market on Wednesdays. By 1300 the two settlements were renamed as Newton Abbot (taking the low ground) and Newton Bushel (taking the high ground). On the strength of the market, it quickly became a thriving town and a good source of income for the Abbots.
Over the river, on theHighweek side, another weekly market was created. This one was on Tuesdays; and because the Bushel family were the landowners this community became known as Newton Bushel.[5] Over the next 200 years Newton Bushel ran more annual fairs, a number of mills were set up, and the leather and wool trades started. Newton Bushel was also a convenient place for travellers to stay. Torre Abbey was dissolved in 1539 and ownership of Wolborough was granted to John Gaverock, who built himself a new house at Forde.
The twin markets of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel continued until they were merged in 1633 as a Wednesday weekly market under the control of Bradley Manor. By 1751 it had been joined by a smaller Saturday market and three annual fairs: a cattle fair on 24 June, a cheese and onion fair in September, and a cloth fair on 6 November. The markets continued to expand, and in 1826 a new market place was built. But over the next 50 years the buildings became dilapidated, and a newcorn exchange (now the Alexandra Theatre) and market hall were completed in 1871.[11]
In medieval times Devon was an important sheep-rearing county. Many towns had their own wool and cloth industries and Newton Abbot had woollen mills,fullers, dyers, spinners, weavers and tailors. In particular,fellmongering (where wool is completely removed from the sheepskin) was well established in the town. In 1724Daniel Defoe wrote that Newton Abbot had a thrivingserge industry that sent goods toHolland viaExeter. The annual cloth fair was the town's busiest fair. Over the 19th century, Vicary's mills became an important employer in the town and by the 1920s was employing over 400 men. However, by 1972 business had declined and the works closed down.[12]
Associated with the woollen industry was the leather business. Hides left after the fell-mongering process were made into leather. Tanners, boot and shoemakers, glovers and saddlers were all in business in Newton Abbot. As with the wool industry, business flourished over 600 years until after the Second World War.[13]
In 1583Humphrey Gilbert, a local adventurer landed atSt. John's inNewfoundland and claimed the area as an English colony. The fisheries quickly developed. Between 1600 and 1850 there was a steady trade between Newton Abbot and the cod fisheries off Newfoundland. Every year men from the town would gather at theDartmouth Inn orNewfoundland Inn in East Street in the hope of being hired for a season's work. In the autumn the dried cod was stored in depots and sometimes used as payment. There was a considerable economic spin-off from this trade. Fish hooks, knives, waterproof boots and rope were all made in the town. The Rope Walk in East Street just a few yards from the Cider Bar still exists, together with the names Newfoundland Way and St John's Street.
Just 2 miles (3.2 km) north-west of Newton Abbot lie the largeball clay workings of theBovey Basin. The main workings are on the eastern outcrop of the deposits atKingsteignton, which can lay claim to being the centre of Britain's ball-clay industry. The Bovey Basin took millions of years to fill from rivers that flowed out ofDartmoor. The sediments included clay derived from the decomposedgranite. The natural deposition has resulted in clay that is purer and more refined than many others. Clay is used in a wide range of products such asbricks,tyres,porcelain,medicines andtoothpaste.
Kingsteignton clay was being used to make pipes around 1680. By 1700, it was being shipped fromTeignmouth, and its utilisation by the famous potterJosiah Wedgwood bred success. The clay was extracted by simply digging out the lumps on courses; rather like peat cutting. The bulky clay was transported bypackhorse to Hackney Quay at Kingsteignton, then loaded onto barges for shipment down the Teign Estuary, where it was transferred to small ships bound for Liverpool and other ports.
Towards the end of the 18th century, the ball-clay industry was steadily expanding. A local landowner,James Templer, built theStover Canal in 1792 to help ship clay along the canal and the Teign Estuary from theBovey Basin to the port ofTeignmouth. Coal, manure and agricultural produce were also shipped along the canal. James Templer's father, also called James Templer, purchased the 80,000-acre (320 km2) Stover Estate near Newton Abbot in 1765. Granite fromHay Tor was used to build Stover House which was completed by 1792.George Templer, son of James Templer (the second) and brother of Rev. John Templer, rector ofTeigngrace, built theHaytor Granite Tramway, which had rails cut from granite, connecting the granite quarries ofHaytor to the canal. This was completed by 1820 and enabled large quantities of granite to be transported for major works like the newLondon Bridge which opened in 1825. However, George Templer overspent his resources and was forced to sell Stover House, Stover Canal, the Haytor Granite Tramway and most of the rest of the family's considerable estates toEdward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, in 1829. The canal was extended to cope with this, and the industry fared well until 1858 when they were out-competed by the more economic Cornish coastal quarries. The Stover canal reverted to shipping ball clay, but had ceased to do so by 1939.
The ball-clay industry is now highly mechanised and successful. Most of the clay is transported by road and transferred to ships at the nearby port of Teignmouth.
The Stover Canal Society was formed after a public meeting in February 1999, with the aim of preserving and restoring the canal. Railtrack, which owned most of the canal, transferred ownership in 2005 for the sum of £1 to Teignbridge District Council for leisure use by the community. Work then continued to restore it as an amenity.[14]
The South Devon railway reached Newton Abbot in 1846[5] and changed it from simply a market town with associated trades (leather and wool) into an industrial base. TheSouth Devon Railway Company openedthe station on 30 December 1846. A branch to Torquay was added on 18 December 1848, withone to Moretonhampstead on 26 June 1866, although the latter has since closed to passengers.Isambard Kingdom Brunel used the Teignmouth/Newton Abbot section to experiment with hisatmospheric railway. The experiment failed, but the remains of Brunel's pumping house survive at Starcross and the old Dairy Crest milk processing factory in Totnes.
In 1876, theGreat Western Railway bought up the railways and developed the repair and maintenance sheds into a substantial works. Extensive sidings were also built making a large marshalling yard. The present station was rebuilt to its current form in 1927 to designs by Chief GWR ArchitectP. E. Culverhouse. The large clock was a gift from the people of the town.
During the late 1980s, the number of passenger platforms was reduced from around nine down to five, and only three of these are still used for scheduled trains. The remaining platforms were shortened on the southern side and the number of tracks reduced to make way for a new station car park. The South Devon Railway Engineering works was decommissioned and replaced by Brunel Industrial Estate. Of the two buildings that survived into the 21st century, only one remains intact, as the old sheds burned down on 21 October 2018.
Many other industries were set up beside the railway station, including a timber yard, iron and brass foundries, and an engineering works.Newton Abbot power station was built adjacent to the line on theMoretonhampstead branch. The town's population increased from 1,623 in 1801 to 12,518 by 1901. Terraced streets were built to house the workers, and attractive villas sprang up around the town for the wealthier.
TwoRoyal Navy personnel from Newton Abbot were among the first British casualties in World War I, being killed after their ship was torpedoed by a GermanU-boat. Over the course of the two world wars, more than 250 Newtonian men gave their lives for the British Empire. They are remembered on the town's war memorial. a further eleven Commonwealth soldiers are also buried in the town. The town was bombed from the air twice duringWorld War II, killing a total of 21 people. There was a severe flood on 27 December 1979, the latest in a long series, when theRiver Lemon burst its banks after prolonged rain.
Tucked into a corner of the racecourse, Newton Abbot's stock-car track flourished for nearly 30 years and attracted fans and drivers from all over the South of England. A short 300-metre oval track, it featured races for the cars of the BriSCA organization, as well as saloons and "bangers".
A newcommunity hospital to replace the one in East Street was built at the end of Jetty Marsh Road and opened on 12 January 2009.[15]
The Flag of Newton Abbot was adopted in 2009 by the town council. It depicts a stylised image ofSt Leonard's Tower in the centre of a modifiedflag of Devon. Henry Cole, of Newton Abbot Town Council, stated that the "green represents the moors, black for the granite and white for the clay" of the surrounding area.[16] The cross ofSt Petroc is also used to represent a major crossroads in the town which converged on the clock tower. The arm of the cross represent the routes toExeter andLondon,Bovey Tracey and themoors,Totnes andPlymouth, andTorquay andBrixham.[16][17]
In 2023, a survey byThe Daily Telegraph named Newton Abbot as one of the ugliest towns in Britain.[18]
There are three tiers of local government covering Newton Abbot, atparish,district andcounty level: Newton Abbot Town Council,Teignbridge District Council andDevon County Council.
The town council, which was previously based at theold town hall in Devon Square, is now based at Newton's Place at 43 Wolborough Street, which had been built in 1835 as St Leonard's Church (replacing the nearbymedieval church of the same name which was demolished shortly afterwards apart from its tower).[19] The former church at 43 Wolborough Street was converted to a museum, community space and town council headquarters, with the first council meeting in the building being held in June 2021.[20] The building was formally opened on 1 April 2023.[21] Teignbridge District Council also has its offices in the town, atForde House.[22]
Newton Abbot was historically part of the parish ofWolborough. Alocal government district covering the parish was established in 1864, governed by the Wolborough Local Board.[23] Such local boards were reconstituted asurban district councils in 1894.[24] Ahead of that change, the outgoing local board requested a change of name from Wolborough to Newton Abbot, recognising that Newton Abbot was the main settlement in the district, and so the Wolborough Local Board was replaced by Newton Abbot Urban District Council.[25] The urban district was enlarged in 1901 to take in the parish ofHighweek (which included the town's suburb of Newton Bushel on the north bank of the River Lemon) and theMilber area east of theAller Brook, which had previously been in the parish ofHaccombe with Combe.[26] From 1901 to 1974 the Newton Abbot Urban District covered the three civil parishes of Wolborough, Highweek and Milber. Asurban parishes the three parishes did not have their own parish councils, but were administered directly by Newton Abbot Urban District Council.[27]
Newton Abbot Urban District was abolished in 1974 with the area becoming part of the new district of Teignbridge. Asuccessor parish called Newton Abbot was established covering the whole of the former urban district, with its council taking the name Newton Abbot Town Council.[28]
Newton Abbot is the main town in theNewton Abbot parliamentary constituency. The constituency was created in 2010, when it was won by theConservative,Anne-Marie Morris. However, Morris was subsequently unseated by theLiberal Democrat,Martin Wrigley at the2024 general election.[29]
Newton Abbot has two seats onDevon County Council, for Newton Abbot North and Newton Abbot South.[30][31]
Coombeshead Academy is acomprehensive school in Coombeshead Road. It is atrust school and a specialist media and arts college for some 1,442 pupils aged 11 to 18.
Newton Abbot College, also a comprehensive school in Old Exeter Road. It came into being on 1 September 2008 as a renaming of Knowles Hill School.[32] It is aspecialistTechnology College for around 1,200 pupils aged 11 to 18.[33]
South Devon UTC is auniversity technical college in Kingsteignton Road, established on 1 September 2015 for pupils aged 14 to 19.
Stover School - Private School.
The local primary schools include St Joseph's Roman Catholic Primary, Highweek Community Primary and Nursery school, Decoy Primary, which has been awarded the BectaICT Mark, Eco and Healthy School awards,[citation needed] as well as Bearnes Primary, Canada Hill Primary, Wolborough C of E Primary, Bradley Barton Primary, Haytor View Primary and All Saints Marsh CofE Academy.
The Newton Abbotcivil parish has grown to include the areas ofHighweek (to the north-west) andWolborough (to the south). Other areas and suburbs include Abbotsbury,Aller Park, Broadlands,Buckland, Decoy, Knowles Hill,Milber, Mile End and Newtake.[34] In more recent years there have been highly disputed newer housing developments around the outskirts of the town, including Hele Park and Whitehill which have already been completed to the west and north of the town respectively, as well as planned developments at Houghton Barton (to the west) and Wolborough Barton (to the south) as part of a bigger plan to add almost 5,000 more houses to the town.[35]
| Climate data for Newton Abbot (1959–1976 averages) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9 (48) | 9 (48) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 16 (61) | 19 (66) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 18 (64) | 15 (59) | 12 (54) | 10 (50) | 15 (58) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4 (39) | 4 (39) | 5 (41) | 6 (43) | 8 (46) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 13 (55) | 11 (52) | 9 (48) | 6 (43) | 5 (41) | 8 (46) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 109.8 (4.32) | 83.6 (3.29) | 80.6 (3.17) | 62.6 (2.46) | 64.7 (2.55) | 55.7 (2.19) | 56.5 (2.22) | 62.1 (2.44) | 68.9 (2.71) | 107.5 (4.23) | 104.7 (4.12) | 122.1 (4.81) | 978.8 (38.51) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 54.4 | 75.1 | 127.7 | 167.5 | 201.9 | 230.9 | 215.8 | 188.8 | 157.5 | 105.2 | 77.5 | 60.7 | 1,663 |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
TheAlexandra Theatre was originally built in 1871 as acorn exchange at the end of the market building. Before it was finished, it was decided instead to use it as a meeting hall for the community. It remained as such until in 1883, when a major upgrade of the building included the addition of a stage with dressing rooms below, further dressing rooms in extensions at the side of the main building and an orchestra pit. Many other alterations followed until it was converted into a two-screen cinema in 1996.[36]
The centre of the town features the ancient tower of St Leonard; it is all that remains of the medieval chapel of St Leonard, founded in 1220 and first referred to in 1350 in a document of the Bishop de Grandisson ofExeter. The main chapel was demolished in 1836 to ease traffic congestion.[37] Adjacent to the tower is a plaque marking where the first declaration of the newly arrivedWilliam III, Prince of Orange was read in 1688:
The first declaration of William III, Prince of Orange, the glorious defender of the Protestant religion and the liberties of England, was read on this pedestal by the Rev. John Reynell, rector of this parish, 5th November, 1688.[38]
Although William arrived inBrixham on 5 November, he did not reach Newton Abbot until 6 November, when he stayed overnight at Forde House as he made his way to London to take the English throne.
The tower can regularly be seen flying the Union Flag or the Flag of Newton Abbot (The Flag of Devon defaced by the silhouette of the tower).[citation needed]
Forde House (now known asOld Forde House) lies in the south-east corner of the town in the parish ofWolborough. The present house was built in 1610 byRichard Reynell (who later became Sir Richard Reynell) and his wife Lucy.[5] It was built with an E-shaped floor plan thought to be in honour of QueenElizabeth I, who had recently died. The grounds were originally extensive, including all of what is called Decoy (as wildfowl were decoyed there to extend the house's larder), a deer park known locally asBuckland, which is now home to a housing estate, and the iBounce trampoline park.[citation needed]
In 1625,King Charles I stayed at the house overnight on his way to inspect the fleet atPlymouth. He returned a few days later for a further two nights. Forde House gave shelter toOliver Cromwell andColonel Fairfax while on their way to besiegeRoyalist Dartmouth in 1646. In 1648 the estate passed to the Courtenay family through the marriage of Margaret (only daughter of Jane Reynell and Sir William Waller) to Sir William Courtenay, lord of nearbyPowderham Castle.William of Orange stayed at the house in 1688 on the way to his coronation in London, having landed in Brixham.[5] The house remained the main residence of a succession of Courtenays until 1762, when it was let to a string of occupiers.[citation needed]
The Courtenay family sold the house in 1936 to Stephen Simpson, who sold it two years later to Mrs M. Sellick. Teignbridge District Council bought the house in 1978 and remains the current owners.[39] It has been refurbished for use as office and conference space, and for weddings and other social events.[citation needed]
At the opposite end of Newton Abbot is aNational Trust property,Bradley Manor. This 15th-century (c. 1420) manor house in a secluded woodland setting has a notablegreat hall emblazoned with the royalcoat of arms ofElizabeth I.[40] Nearby is Bakers Park.
TheGreat Western Railway named a 7800 class steam locomotive after the manor, but the engine was never based in Newton Abbot (shed code: 83A) and was withdrawn from mainline service in the 1965. It was restored in the 1980s and passed through Newton Abbot on special runs calledThe Torbay Express andThe Mayflower.
John Passmore Edwards originally wanted a hospital built for the town in memory of his mother, who was born there, but as the town already had a hospital, he decided on a public library, which opened in 1904. The building, designed by the Cornish architectSilvanus Trevail, is among the most impressive in Newton Abbot.[41] It originally housed a Science, Art and Technical School, which the council added. The elaborate Renaissance style includes yellowterracotta mouldings over windows and doorways. Passmore Edwards donated £2,500, and the County Council and public donations paid for the rest. Renovated in 2010–2012, it was renamed thePassmore Edwards Centre after its benefactor and to reflect its future as a multi-purpose facility. It works closely withCoombeshead Academy.[42]
The several sets ofalmshouses in Newton Abbot include:
The original Newton Abbot poorhouse was in East Street. The cellar of theDevon Arms was used as theoakum picking room, where paupers were given the unpleasant job of untwisting old rope to provide oakum, used to seal the seams of wooden boats. Newton Bushel had its own poorhouse, not far from present day Newton Abbot Leisure Centre, previously known asDyron's.
The1834 Poor Law Act required changes and incorporation that led, in 1839, to anew workhouse being built in East Street for paupers from surrounding areas. In time, the workhouse became more of a hospital for the sick, infirm and aged poor.[44]
Close to the railway station is the former Tucker's Maltings, long the only traditionalmalthouse in the UK open to the public. The malt house produced malt for over 30 breweries and enough to brew 15,000,000 imperial pints (8,500 m3) of beerper annum. Although closing as a malthouse in 2018, the maltings is now home to a number of businesses, including The Maltings Taphouse, a craft beer bar and cultural venue.[45]
Said to be one of only two remainingcider houses in the United Kingdom,[46] Ye Olde Cider Bar in East Street sells onlycider,perry,country wines and soft drinks. Its interior and simple wooden furniture remain relatively unchanged, but some old bar customs, such as limiting women and holidaymakers to half-pint measures and covering the floor with sawdust, have ceased.
After a 2019 relocation, the museum is now in the Newton's Place community centre in Newfoundland Way. It displays the history of Newton Abbot and of the Great Western Railway.
In 1922, Newton Abbot Urban District Council instructed its borough surveyor, Coleridge Dingley White, to design a town memorial reflecting the town's importance and the contribution of its young men to the war effort[47] The unveiling and dedication took place on Sunday 23 July 1922.[48]
Newton Abbot railway station stands at the east end of Queen Street. It provides both local and long-distance train services between the South West, South Wales, London, the Midlands, the North East and Scotland.
The main line service to/fromLondon Paddington is operated byGreat Western Railway and runs at least hourly for much of the day. Half-hourly local trains run from Exmouth and Exeter to Paignton.
CrossCountry services operate throughBirmingham toManchester, the north-east of England (Leeds &Newcastle) and Scotland (Glasgow Central,Dundee &Aberdeen).
The main bus operator isStagecoach South West who run a network of regular services from Newton Abbot to places such as Exeter, Torquay, Paignton and Teignmouth. Local independent operator, Country Bus also run a significant number of services from the Town.
Newton Abbot has a connection to theA380 dual carriageway, which leads to theM5 motorway via theA38.
Other A roads connected to the town are:
Local TV coverage is provided byBBC South West andITV West Country. Television signals are received from theBeacon Hill and the local relay transmitters.[49]
Local radio stations areBBC Radio Devon on 104.3 FM,Heart West on 96.4,Greatest Hits Radio Devon on 105.5 FM andRadio Exe on 107.3 FM.
The town is served by the local newspaper,Mid-Devon Advertiser which publishes on Thursdays.[50]
Newton Abbot has twonon-League football clubs:Buckland Athletic F.C., which plays at Homers Heath, andNewton Abbot Spurs A.F.C., which plays at the Recreation Ground. The headquarters ofDevon County Football Association are in the town.
Newton Abbot's South Devon Cricket Club was established in 1851 and also plays at the Recreation Ground.
The town has a long-standingrugby union club,Newton Abbot RFC (established 1873), which plays home games at Rackerhayes in nearbyKingsteignton.
Twogreyhound racing tracks existed; theNewton Abbot Greyhound Track lasted from 1974 to 2005 and a short-lived track was laid on the Recreation Ground, where Newton Abbot Spurs plays today. The racing was independent (unaffiliated to the sports governing body, theNational Greyhound Racing Club) and so both were known as flapping tracks, a name given to independent tracks.[51] Distances there were 250, 450 and 460 yards and racing lasted about five years.[52]
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The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the Town of Newton Abbot.
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