New Zealand | |
| Value | 1d (£NZ) |
|---|---|
| Mass | 9.45 g |
| Diameter | 31.75 mm |
| Edge | Plain |
| Composition | 95.5%copper, 1.5%zinc, 3%tin (1940 - 1959) 97% copper, 2.5% zinc, 0.5% tin (1960 - 1965) |
| Years of minting | 1940-1965 |
| Obverse | |
 | |
| Design | Uncrowned bust ofGeorge VI |
| Designer | Humphrey Paget |
| Reverse | |
 | |
| Design | Atūī surrounded bykōwhai blossoms |
| Designer | Leonard C. Mitchell |
TheNew Zealand penny is a large bronze coin issued from 1939[a] to 1965. Introduced seven years after the larger denominations ofNew Zealand pound coinage, the coin's issuing was scheduled to align with the centennial of theTreaty of Waitangi and theNew Zealand centennial, alongside thehalfpenny and centennial half-crown. Featuring the standard portrait of the ruling monarch on the obverse, the reverse features atūī bird perched atop akōwhai branch.
The coin was designed in a government-sponsored design competition. British sculptors George Kruger Gray and Percy Metcalfe, designers of previous New Zealand coinage, submitted designs, but the contest was won by New Zealand sculptor Leonard Cornwall Mitchell. Metcalfe altered Mitchell's submitted sketches into a model, and the coin entered production in late 1939. Following the decimalisation of New Zealand currency in 1967, the coin was demonetised and replaced with a smallerone-cent coin. Although there were some calls to retain the tūī design on the new penny, it was ultimately abandoned following decimilisation alongside all other pound coinage designs.
While thepound sterling had been the legal tender in New Zealand since 1858,[2] variousone and half-penny coppertokens minted by local tradesmen circulated during the mid-19th century in theNew Zealand colony due to a lack of British imperial coinage. The first known penny tokens began mintage in 1857, and by their cessation in 1881 formed about half of the copper coinage circulating in the colony. They were officially demonetised in 1897, as supply ofBritish pennies andhalfpennies became reliable.[3]
The sudden influx of large amounts ofAustralian coinage into New Zealand in the early 1930s, coupled with rampant currency smuggling in response to the devaluation of the New Zealand pound relative to the pound sterling, prompted the creation of a distinct national coinage.[4]Silver coinage began circulating in 1933, but no immediate need was seen for the design or introduction of domestic pennies and halfpennies, as British copper coins were still in circulation as legal tender.[5][6]
In 1936 theNew Zealand Numismatic Society, which often served as an advisory body to the national government on coinage issues, began to press for the introduction of bronze coinage by 1940 to correspond with the hundredth anniversary of theTreaty of Waitangi. At an October 1937 meeting of the government-appointed National Historical Committee, Under-Secretary of Internal AffairsJoe Heenan formally proposed the issue of bronze denominations in 1940, alongside a commemorative medal and half-crown. In June 1938, a committee headed by Assistant Secretary Athol MacKay and joined by various members of the National Historical Committee was formed to facilitate the approval of submitted designs for the new coinage. For the design of the penny and halfpenny, a modest prize of £25 each was offered. Just over a month was allowed to submit designs.[7]
._-_J._G._Keulemans_delt._and_lith._(Plate_X._1888)._(21015414934).jpg)
Kruger Gray andPercy Metcalfe,Royal Mint employees who had designed previous New Zealand coinage, were the only artists outside the country to submit designs. Metcalfe's resubmitted a "baffling" design previously rejected for theshilling, atoki poutangata (agreenstone Māoriadze) superimposed with awhakapakoko rākau orgodstick, a ceremonial staff used by Māori priests. Gray's penny design featured the prow ofwaka taua, aMāori war canoe. A local art instructor,Thomas Jenkin, also featured awaka taua on his penny proposal, depicting it alongside asilver fern at seashore with several warriors aboard.[7][8]
Francis Shurrock, a local sculptor and art teacher, submitted multiple designs. One penny design showed a Māoritekoteko figurine[b], with the other featuring a fern and a triumphantrugby player holding aball.[9] A modified version of this design would be submitted in 1966, to public outcry, as a proposed20 cent piece.[10]James Berry, who had previously worked alongside Metcalfe on the reverse of theWaitangi crown,[11] proposed a full suite of coinage including a one-penny piece featuring theHMSEndeavour, the ship commanded byCaptain Cook in his mid-18th century expeditions to New Zealand.[12]
Leonard C. Mitchell's design, featuring atūī songbird perched atop a blossomingkōwhai branch, was ultimately selected by the committee, continuing a motif of native birds on New Zealand coinage, alongside thekiwi on theflorin andhuia on thesixpence. His original design was remarkably similar to a depiction of two tūī byJohn Keulemans, which may have directly or indirectly served as a base for the design. Mitchell's original large-scale model was highly illustrative, with the designer noting on the back of a submitted photograph "Have kept detail down as much as possible but if necessary further elimination could be made." William Perry, Chief Clerk of the Royal Mint, criticised the design, noting that its design would not transfer to that of a physical coin. The Royal Mint Advisory Committee recommended that the feathers be rendered in greater relief.[13]
With Mitchell's design approved, Percy Metcalfe was tasked by the Royal Mint with creating a plaster model for the coin. Unlike his rendering of the halfpenny, he made significant changes to the achievement of the coin, increasing the depth of the feathers while simplifying the kōwhai foiliage. High CommissionerBill Jordan approved the design in June 1939, and the coin entered production.[14]
Although initially planned to be released alongside the Waitangi centennial in February 1940, the first pennies entered circulation in December 1939 due to an emerging shortage of British pennies in New Zealand.[5] 31.75 mm in diameter and 9.45 g in weight, the coins were initially made of an alloy consisting of 95.5% copper, 1.5%zinc, and 3%tin.[3] The alloy composition of the coin was changed in 1960 to include significantly less tin.[1]Proof pennies were included in a proof set issued to commemorate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II,[15] with a mintage of 7,000 pieces.[16]In anticipation of thedecimalisation in 1967, there were some calls to retain the populartūī design on the new one-cent piece. However, this was dismissed due to government support for an entirely new set of coinage.[17]
| Date | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 | 1951 | 1952 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mintage | 5,424,000 | 1,200,000 | 3,120,000 | 8,400,000 | 3,696,000 | 4,764,000 | 6,720,000 | 5,880,000 | 0 | 2,016,000 | 5,784,000 | 6,880,000 | 10,800,000 |
| Date | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mintage | 2,400,000 | 1,080,000 | 3,720,000 | 3,600,000 | 2,400,000 | 10,800,000 | 8,400,000 | 7,200,000 | 7,200,000 | 6,000,000 | 2,400,000 | 18,000,000 | 200,000 |