Theforeign relations of New Zealand are oriented chiefly toward developed democratic nations and emergingPacific Island economies. Until the late 20th century, New Zealand aligned itself strongly with theUnited Kingdom (as a former British colony) and had few bilateral relationships with other countries. From the later half of the 20th century, Australia has been New Zealand's most important cultural, economic and military partner. Today, the country participates in several multilateral political organisations, includingAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, thePacific Community, and thePacific Islands Forum. New Zealand has been described as anemerging power;[1][2] however, such a claim needs to be considered in the context of its medium-sized economy and limited military capability. The country's major political parties have generally agreed on the broad outlines of foreign policy, and the government has been active in promotingfree trade,nuclear disarmament, andarms control.
All New Zealand's important relationships are in good repair....With the United States there are hopes of a major breakthrough in terms of trade relations.Sino – New Zealand relations are also subdued, but trade is burgeoning. Japan's decision to join theTrans-Pacific Partnership is a welcome change and New Zealand continues to pursue a free trade agreement with South Korea. The government is pressing ahead with plans to strengthen relations in a number of other areas, including Russia, South Asia, Latin America, the Persian Gulf and especially the South Pacific. It is also alive to the potential benefits of closer ties with countries on the African continent.[3]
Afterworld war one, New Zealand signed theTreaty of Versailles (1919) and joined theLeague of Nations. Wellington trustedConservative Party governments in London, but notLabour. When the British Labour Party took power in 1924 and 1929, the New Zealand government felt threatened by Labour's foreign policy because of its reliance upon theLeague of Nations. The League was distrusted and Wellington did not expect to see the coming of a peaceful world order under League auspices. What had been the Empire's most loyalDominion became a dissenter as it opposed efforts the first and second British Labour governments to trust the League's framework of arbitration and collective security agreements.[4]
The governments of theReform andUnited Parties between 1912 and 1935 followed a "realistic" foreign policy. They made national security a high priority, were sceptical of international institutions such as the League, and showed no interest on the questions ofself-determination,democracy, andhuman rights. However the oppositionLabour Party was more idealistic and proposed a liberal internationalist outlook on international affairs. From 1935 theFirst Labour Government showed a limited degree of idealism in foreign policy, for example opposing theappeasement ofNazi Germany andJapan.[5]
WhenWorld War II broke out in 1939, New Zealand whole-heartedly joined in the defence of Britain, with Prime MinisterMichael Joseph Savage declaring that "where Britain goes, we go; where Britain stands, we stand".[6] New Zealand soldiers served inNorth Africa,Italy and thePacific, and airmen in England and the Pacific, throughout the war, even when New Zealand had concerns about invasion by theJapanese.
During World War II the New Zealand government created a Department of External Affairs (now theMinistry of Foreign Affairs and Trade) for the first time in 1943, taking control of foreign policy that had previously been run by the Dominions Office in London. In 1947 New Zealand ratified the 1931Statute of Westminster with theStatute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which made New Zealand fully independent of Britain.
TheFall of Singapore during World War II made New Zealand realise that she could no longer rely on Britain to defend the British Empire. New Zealand troops supported the British in the successful battle againstCommunist insurrection in Malaysia and maintained an air-force fighter squadron in Singapore, and later on Cyprus, again supporting British forces. New Zealand diplomats sought an alliance with theUnited States of America, and in 1951 adhered to theANZUS Treaty between New Zealand, Australia and the US. In return for America's guarantee of protection, New Zealand felt obliged to support America in its wars, and New Zealand committed forces to theKorean War (1950–1953) underUnited Nations Command auspices and to theVietnam War. By the 1970s, many New Zealanders began to feel uncomfortable with their country's support for the US, particularly in Vietnam and regarding the visits of nuclear-powered and armedUnited States Armed Forces warships. TheThird Labour government (1972–1975) pulled New Zealand troops out of the Vietnam War and protested againstFrench nuclear testing in the Pacific, at one stage sending a warship to act as disapproving witness to the tests.
In 2008,Minister of Foreign AffairsWinston Peters announced what he called "a seismic change for New Zealand's foreign service", designed to remedy the country's "struggling to maintain an adequate presence on the international stage". Peters said that the Ministry would receive additional funding and increase the number of New Zealand diplomats serving abroad by 50%.[8] However this policy was reversed following the2008 General Election which brought theJohn Key-ledFifth National Government of New Zealand to power.[citation needed]
In the past, New Zealand's geographic isolation and its agricultural economy's general prosperity minimised public interest in international affairs. However, growingglobal trade and other international economic events have made New Zealanders increasingly aware of their country's dependence on unstable overseas markets.[9] New Zealand governments strongly advocatefree trade, especially in agricultural products, and the country belongs to the Cairns group of nations in the WTO.
New Zealand's economic involvement with Asia has become increasingly important. New Zealand is a "dialogue partner" with theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a member of theEast Asia Summit and an active participant inAPEC.
As a charter member of theColombo Plan, New Zealand has provided Asian countries with technical assistance and capital. It also contributes through theAsian Development Bank and through UN programs and is a member of theUN Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific.
Summary of international organisation participation
McGraw argues that, "Probably the greatest foreign policy achievement of[Helen] Clark's [1999–2008] term was the conclusion of afree trade agreement with China."[12] Clark's government also set up a free-trade deal with Australia and the ten nations of ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations).
During 2017 to 2020, the Labour-NZ First coalition government committed to initiate a Closer Commonwealth Economic Relations (CCER) agreement with the UK, Australia, Canada and other countries and to work towards a Free Trade Agreement with theRussia-Belarus-Kazakhstan Customs Union.[16] A free trade agreement with the European Union was signed in July 2023[17] and went live in May 2024.[18] Trade deals with theGulf Cooperation Council were signed in 2024.[19]
New Zealand's main export is food, primarily dairy products, meat, fruit and fish; about 95% of the country'sagricultural produce is exported.[20] Other major exports are wood, and mechanical and electrical equipment. About 46% of exports are non-agricultural,[20] but the largest industry is still the food industry. Tourism is also an extremely important component of international trade: transport and travel form around 20% of the country's export trade.[21] New Zealand does not have large quantities of mineral resources, though it does produce some coal, oil, aluminium and natural gas.[21]
New Zealand's largest source of imports is China, followed by (in order) Australia, the United States, Japan, and Singapore. The largest destinations for exports are, in order, Australia, China, the U.S., Japan, and South Korea. Trade figures for 2011 with New Zealand's biggest trade partners are as follows:[22]
2011 merchandise imports and exports (millions of NZ dollars)
TheNew Zealand Defence Force is small compared to many other countries and it lacks air combat capability.[23] Its overseas duties consist mostly ofpeacekeeping, especially in the Pacific, with wider regional security falling to Australia. In the 21st century, peacekeeping detachments have been deployed toEast Timor, theSolomon Islands, andTonga. Engineering and support forces have also been involved in theIraq War.
In February 2021 the MFAT confirmed granting export permits formilitary equipment to be sold to theArmed Forces of Saudi Arabia in the years 2016 and 2018, respectively. Documents obtained under theOfficial Information Act showed detailed transactions of the military export. The revelation was followed by a previous revelation of the business unit ofAir New Zealand aiding theRoyal Saudi Navy on a contractual basis, breaching its obligations towards human rights.[24] The case of Air New Zealand's business unit The Gas Turbines aiding Royal Saudi navy was commissioned in early April 2021 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to be reviewed by a former executive of Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The contractual arrangement between the two was criticised following theArab nation's role in the Yemen war. It was reported that the UN had expressed concerns regarding any military exports made to Saudi could possibly be used in the Yemeni conflict, despite which the MFAT sanctioned exports to the country, inviting scrutiny over New Zealand's relations with Saudi Arabia.[25][26]
New Zealand's official aid programme is managed by theNew Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID), a semi-autonomous body within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In 2007, New Zealand was the sixth lowest foreign aid donor in theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), based on proportion ofgross national income (GNI) spent on overseas development assistance. New Zealand's contribution was 0.27% of GNI.[27] Much this went to the Pacific region. However, the country is occasionally more generous in responding to major crises, for example donating around$100 million to the2004 Indian Ocean tsunami relief efforts, the committed$1 million to the2010 Haiti earthquake relief efforts, and later the government donated$2 million to the2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami relief efforts. Following theApril andMay 2015 Nepal earthquake, the New Zealand Government sent an initial$1 million inhumanitarian aid, and has mobilised 45 urban search and rescue technicians. New Zealand troops and aircraft are also often sent to disaster areas in theAsia-Pacific region.
In the 1970s and 1980s,anti-nuclear sentiment increased across New Zealand fuelling concerns aboutFrench nuclear testing in the Pacific atMoruroa atoll. The third Labour Government underNorman Kirk, co-sponsored by Australia, took France before theInternational Court of Justice in 1972,[28] requesting that the French cease atmosphericnuclear testing atMururoa Atoll inFrench Polynesia in the southern Pacific Ocean. In 1972, as an act of defiance and protest the Kirk government sent two of its navyfrigates,HMNZS Canterbury andOtago into the Moruroa test zone area.[29]Peace yachts attempting to disrupt the French tests had been sailing in coordinated protests into the Mururoa exclusion zones between 1972 and 1991.[30] Concerns aboutNuclear proliferation and the presence of nuclear warheads or reactors onUnited States Navy ships visiting New Zealand ports continued to escalate. After it was elected in 1984, theLabour Party government ofDavid Lange indicated its opposition to visits by such ships. In February 1985, New Zealand turned away theUSS Buchanan[31] and in response the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty obligations to New Zealand unless port access was restored. In 1987 the Labour government strengthened its stance by declaring New Zealand anuclear-free zone (New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987), effectively legally removing New Zealand from thenuclear deterrent scenario and banning the entry of nuclear powered warships into its ports.[32][33] Warships that did not fall into this category were not blocked, but the US took the view that any subsequent visit by a warship to New Zealand could not be carried out without violating the US' security policy of "neither confirming nor denying" nuclear capability of its ships.[34]
In 1987, New Zealand passed legislation making the country a nuclear free zone, namely theNew Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act; in the same year the US retaliated with the Broomfield Act, designating New Zealand as a "friend" rather than an "ally".[35]
In recent years, some voices have suggested removing the anti-nuclear legislation, especially theACT New Zealand political party; and up until February 2006 theNational Party was in favour of holding a referendum on the issue. However,public opinion remains strongly in favour of the country's status as a nuclear free zone. In May 2006, US Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs,Christopher Hill, described the disagreement between the US and New Zealand as "a relic" but also signalled that the US wanted a closer defence relationship with New Zealand and praised New Zealand's involvement in Afghanistan and reconstruction in Iraq. "Rather than trying to change each other's minds on the nuclear issue, which is a bit of a relic, I think we should focus on things we can make work," he told theAustralian Financial Review.[36] Pressure from the United States on New Zealand's foreign policy increased in 2006, with U.S. trade officials linking the repeal of the ban of American nuclear ships from New Zealand's ports to a potentialfree trade agreement between the two countries.[37]
Relations between France and New Zealand were strained for two short periods in the 1980s and 1990s over theFrench nuclear tests atMoruroa and thebombing of theRainbow Warrior in Waitematā harbour, Auckland. The latter was widely regarded as an act ofstate terrorism against New Zealand's sovereignty and was ordered by then French PresidentFrançois Mitterrand, although he denied any involvement at the time.[38] These events worked to strengthen New Zealand's resolve to retain its anti-nuclear policy. Relations between the two countries are now cordial, with strong trade and many new bilateral links.[39]
In 2017, New Zealand signed the United NationsTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Foreign Affairs MinisterGerry Brownlee said the treaty is "consistent with New Zealand's long-standing commitment to international nuclear disarmament efforts".[40]
New Zealand has well-established links to a number ofLatin American countries, particularly in the economic sphere.New Zealand has Embassies inMexico City,Santiago,Brasília andBuenos Aires – the first of which (Santiago) opened in 1972. The New Zealand Government'sLatin America Strategy, published in May 2010, estimates New Zealand's annual exports to the region at NZ$1 billion, and New Zealand investments in the region (in areas such as agri-technology, energy, fisheries, and specialised manufacturing) at around NZ$1.3 billion. The Strategy argues that there is considerable scope to expand New Zealand's investment and services trade in the region. Focusing on six countries (Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Peru), the Strategy posits that New Zealand should be seeking to: promote a better understanding of the region among New Zealand businesses to help identify prospects for increased investment, trade and joint ventures; lower barriers to business between New Zealand and Latin America; promote New Zealand tourism in the region; improve airlinks between New Zealand and the region; deepen education and research and science links. There are significant flows of tourists and students from Latin America to New Zealand. For example, in the year to June 2010, around 30,000 Latin Americansvisited New Zealand. In addition, New Zealand has popularWorking Holiday Schemes with Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Mexico and Uruguay.
Much of New Zealand's foreign policy is focused on the Pacific region, particularlyPolynesia andMelanesia.[41] Bilateral economic assistance resources have been focused on projects in the South Pacific island states, especially onBougainville. The country's long association with Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa), reflected in a treaty of friendship signed in 1962, and its close association with Tonga have resulted in a flow of immigrants and visitors under work permit schemes from both countries. Recently New Zealand forces participated in peacekeeping efforts in the Pacific region in East Timor, the Solomon Islands and Tonga, seeMilitary history of New Zealand.
In 1947, New Zealand joined Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States to form theSouth Pacific Commission, a regional body to promote the welfare of the Pacific region. New Zealand has been a leader in the organisation. In 1971, New Zealand joined the other independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific to establish the South Pacific Forum (now known as thePacific Islands Forum), which meets annually at the "heads of government" level.
On 26 May 2006, New Zealand deployed forty-two troops, with a second contingent of 120 troops leavingChristchurch on 27 May, toTownsville, Queensland, before being sent to participate in the2006 East Timorese crisis. Clark said the forces would be deployed where needed by the Australian command.[42]
Ethiopia and New Zealand have only recently began a formal relationship with the opening of the New Zealand embassy inAddis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2014. Informal relations, however, date back to 1937 when New Zealand supported Ethiopia in their request for continued recognition as a sovereign during theItalian occupation.
Ethiopia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1983 when first Secretary (Ambassador) of the People's Bureau (Embassy) of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (resident in Canberra), presented his credentials to the Governor-General New Zealand[123]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1983 when first Mali Ambassador to New Zealand (resident in Peking), Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials to the Governor-General[122]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1982 when the first Nigerian High Commissioner in Canberra, Mr. Edward Sanu presented his credentials to Governal General of New Zealand[120]
New Zealand is accredited to Nigeria from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Nigeria is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
New Zealand and Canada have a close and longstanding relationship that has been fostered by the two countries' similar history and culture, extremely close ties to theCommonwealth of Nations and extensive links to people in either country. New Zealand and Canada have a commonHead of State, KingCharles III. Canada has said that New Zealand is a valuable international partner despite the thousands of miles separating the two countries. Both share a like-minded view of the world on a variety of issues. New Zealand and Canada have close links whether it be through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth or mutual treaty agreements, New Zealand-Canada relations are extremely important to both countries.
Historically, New Zealand has fought shoulder to shoulder with the United States, especially in both world wars and in theKorean andVietnam wars. During the Second World War, around 400,000 US troops were stationed in New Zealand prior to departing for battles likeGuadalcanal. New Zealand is amajor non-NATO ally of the United States and has been since 1997. Despite the political contention over ANZUS, New Zealand forces have since cooperated with U.S. forces in the1991 Gulf War and in the 2001U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. New Zealand forces did not participate in the2003 invasion of Iraq, but a contingent of New Zealand army engineers assisted with reconstruction work in Iraq after the war; they were based inBasra. New Zealand also participates in theECHELON programme. In 2010, the United States and New Zealand began a new strategic partnership bysigning the Wellington Declaration.[233] According to the Prime Minister the Declaration was not a return to an ANZUS style security treaty,[234] despite reports of increased military co-operation since 2007.[235]
China and New Zealand have an excellent relationship which continues to improve. The bilateral relationship has grown to become one of New Zealand's most important. A free trade agreement between China and New Zealand was signed on 7 April 2008 byPremier of the People's Republic of ChinaWen Jiabao andPrime Minister of New ZealandHelen Clark in Beijing. It is the first free trade agreement that China has signed with any developed country.
Historically, New Zealand contact with China started very early in its history with the first records of ethnicChinese in New Zealand were immigrants fromGuangdong province (Canton), who arrived during the 1860sgold rush era, with missionary, trade, extensive immigration and other links continuing during China's Republican era (1912–1949). The establishment of thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) brought these links to a halt.
China has an embassy in Wellington and a consulates-general in Auckland andChristchurch.
India and New Zealand have been strong in some degrees though potentially slightly shaky in others. New Zealand and India are in the midst of considering a free trade deal, where in October 2009 newIndian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh toldNew Zealand Prime Minister John Key that he was willing to seriously consider a free trade deal.[238] Whilst there is the potential for a free trade agreement between India and New Zealand to be beneficial for both nations, the idea has not been seriously considered with India having strong subsidies on its agricultural sector, one of New Zealand's biggest export markets.[238] New Zealand and India relations have been slightly shaky in October 2010 with the comments ofPaul Henry, a New Zealand talk-show host, making fun ofChief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit on live New Zealand television. The Indian foreign office summoned theNew Zealand High Commissioner Rupert Holborow, where the Commissioner set the record straight by making clear that: "[Paul Henry's comments] reflect the views of only one media commentator (who has already been censored for other racist and unacceptable comments), and certainly not the New Zealand Government or people".[239] India Prime MinisterManmohan Singh confirmed a continued intention to pursue a free trade agreement with the New Zealand Prime Minister John Key in late 2010, saying that: "Like China there is a recognition that they have a strong demand for food... so there is something in it for both parties if we can complete a deal".[238] John Key confirmed that India and New Zealand have continued to work "scoping out" the possibility of a free trade agreement but said with caution that in any case "these things take time".[238]
India has a high commission in Wellington.
New Zealand has a high commission inNew Delhi and a consulate-general inMumbai.
Having common interests as democracies and neighbours in theAsia Pacific region, New Zealand and Indonesia are viewed as natural partners. Both countries are members ofAPEC.The diplomatic and economic ties have grown stronger ever since. Indonesia's commodity exports to New Zealand consist mainly of energy products and minerals as well as lumber and agriculture, while New Zealand's commodity exports to Indonesia mainly consists of dairy products and meats, such as beef, milk, and cheese.
New Zealand has a long history of support for Israel beginning with thePartition Plan in 1947. New Zealand was at the very forefront of countries to recognise the State of Israel in the United Nations resolution of 1948.[240] Relations were temporarily suspended around 2004 whentwo Israeli citizens were convicted of passport fraud, but these were restored soon after. It was suspected but never proved that they were working for Mossad.[241] New Zealand joined with other countries in boycotting a UN Racism conference in defence of Israel due to fears of antisemitism in the conference.[242]
Israel has an embassy in Wellington.
New Zealand is accredited to Israel from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Japan and New Zealand have had generally cordial relations since the post-World War II period, with Japan being a major trading partner with New Zealand. These relations have held together despite policy disputes overwhaling and theInternational Whaling Commission. New Zealand was one of the four founding participants of theJapan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme, established in 1987 by the Japanese Government.[243] TheNZ International Business Forum, established in 2006 by major export-focused companies in New Zealand, has as one of its key goals negotiations for a free trade agreement with Japan.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1980 when first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand[247]
Lebanon is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
New Zealand is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
In February 2021, New Zealand suspended high-level bilateral military and political relations with Myanmar following the2021 Myanmar coup d'état. The New Zealand Government has joined other Western governments in refusing to recognise the new military-led government and has called for the restoration of civilian-led rule. In addition, aid projects were diverted away from theTatmadaw and a travel ban was imposed on Myanmar's military leaders.[249][250]
In April 2024, theNational-led coalitiong government permitted mid-level members of the military junta to participate in theASEAN-New Zealand Dialogue's meetings inWellington.Prime MinisterChristopher Luxon justified the invitation, citing ASEAN's policy of allowing non-political Myanmar officials to participate in ASEAN events. He reiterated that New Zealand's travel ban on those responsible for the 2021 coup remained unchanged. The participation of Myanmar officials in the 2024 ASEAN-NZ Dialogue was a reversal of the previousLabour Government's policy of banning Myanmar officials from participating in two ASEAN study tours of New Zealand. TheNational-led government's U-turn was criticised by Myanmar community representative and union leader Phyo Sandar Soe and former Prime MinisterHelen Clark, who is also a convenor of the Kia Kaha Myanmar activist group.[251]
Although diplomatic relations were established between New Zealand and North Korea in 2001, a 2007 trip byNew Zealand Foreign Affairs MinisterWinston Peters toPyongyang, the capital city of North Korea was the first visit by a New Zealand foreign minister to that country.[252] The trip was about establishing economic and political deals with economically crippled North Korea on the basis that it start dismantling itsnuclear weapons facilities.[253]United States Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice congratulated Peters on his effort in negotiating with a potential nuclear threat and welcomed Peters' actions on the matter.[252]
New Zealand is accredited to North Korea from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea.
North Korea is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Wellington.
In January 2025, the New Zealand government signed a comprehensive economic partnership agreement with theUnited Arab Emirates, cutting tariffs on 98.5% of New Zealand exports.[261]
The relationship between Albania and New Zealand is closely linked toKosovo and New Zealand, due to Kosovo's population being predominately ethnic Albanian. Albania's Ambassador to New Zealand is resident in Beijing, China whilst New Zealand's Ambassador to Albania is resident in Rome, Italy. In 2014, Albania opened its first consulate in Auckland to serve Albanians andNew Zealanders of Albanian origin in the country. Dr. Tane Taylor, a New Zealand Māori lived in Tirana, Albania for 20 years, serves as the Honorary Consul and representative to New Zealand.[262] The Albanian community in New Zealand is difficult to total as majority have been assimilated into New Zealand society. At least 5,000 ethnic Albanians maintain ties to either Albania, Kosovo or North Macedonia in New Zealand since the 1990s. However, there are other New Zealanders of full or partial Albanian origin hailing from Albania, Croatia and Greece – all of whom have entirely assimilated and maintain little links to the Balkan region today, but recognise their Albanian ancestry. Both countries are aligned with the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union in international affairs.
Albania is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China.
New Zealand is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
Croatia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Auckland. Formerly represented as part of the Yugoslav Embassy in Wellington, until thebreakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.[263]
New Zealand is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate inZagreb.
Relations between both nations strained in 1985 when FrenchDGSE agents sank theRainbow Warrior inWaitematā Harbour. Two French agents were arrested and convicted but released in exchange for monetary compensation after France put economic pressure on New Zealand.
Stemming from World War II, New Zealand forces fought alongside the Greeks in continental Greece and Crete since then, Greece has claimed a special relationship with New Zealand. An under-equipped force made-up of largely New Zealand, Australian, British and Greek troops fought to protect the island from invasion. TheBattle of Crete is commemorated every year in bothCrete and New Zealand. Prime MinisterHelen Clark led a large party from New Zealand to Crete in May 2001 to attend the 60th anniversary of the battle. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, HonPhil Goff, attended anniversary celebrations in May 2003 and Hon Annette King in May 2006. The war was followed by a modest wave of Greek emigration to New Zealand. In the 2006 Census 2,547 people primarily identified themselves as being Greek. A bilateral Social Security Agreement came into force on 1 April 1994. New Zealand operated an embassy in Greece until 1991, and has been represented via the Italian Embassy in Rome ever since. Greece operated an embassy in Wellington from 1999 until 2015,[265] when it closed down amidst theGreek government-debt crisis.
Greece is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
New Zealand is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
New Zealand recognised Kosovo's independence in November 2009.[270] Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2010, with Kosovo's first Ambassador to Wellington being Dr. Muhamet Haliti. In 2014 the Kosovo Embassy in Australia became fully integrated to represent Kosovo in New Zealand, with Sabri Kicmari becoming the first Kosovo Ambassador to visit New Zealand, Niue and the Cook Islands.[271] New Zealand is represented in Kosovo by its embassy in Rome, Italy. During the breakup of Yugoslavia and theKosovo war, New Zealand sympathised with Kosovo's ethnic Albanian majority. It began advocating for peace and support in the international arena, namely the United Nations, and sent a contingent as part of the international peace keeping force between 2000 and 2006. New Zealand abstained from the vote to send Kosovo's independence to the International Court of Justice, its judge at the ICJ voted in support of Kosovo, it has voted for Kosovo to joinUNESCO and continues to support Kosovo's endeavours to join international organisations.[272] New Zealand is home to 3,500 Kosovo-bornNew Zealanders, predominately Albanians but also a small number of Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats. Kosovo is home to small expat community of New Zealanders, namely Kosovo Albanians who have returned to Kosovo post-independence.
Kosovo is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. Formerly represented as part of the Yugoslav Embassy in Wellington, until thebreakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.[263]
New Zealand does not have an accreditation to Kosovo.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1970 when first Ambassador of New Zealand To Luxembourg Mr. Merwyn Norrish presented his credentials[273]
Historically there has been a strong link between New Zealand and the Netherlands. The first European sightings of New Zealand was by the Dutch explorerAbel Tasman in 1642[274] and New Zealand was named after the Dutch province ofZeeland. Relations however did not start well when Māori killed several of the Abel Tasman's crew after he sent out a shore party. Tasman mapped a section of the North Island and left and there was no further contact between the Netherlands and New Zealand for more than a hundred years. Once New Zealand was established as a state in 1840 relations have been good.
The relationship was enhanced significantly with migration of large numbers of Dutch people to New Zealand after World War II. As a result of negotiations between the Dutch and New Zealand Governments a migration agreement was signed in October 1950. This resulted in thousands of Dutch immigrants coming to New Zealand in subsequent years. Peaking between 1951 and 1954.[275] As of 2006, it is estimated that well over 100,000 New Zealanders have some Dutch connection.[276] The 2006 census shows that 28,641 people identified their ethnic group as Dutch.[277]
New Zealand and the Netherlands share very similar social attitudes and values and have a substantial history of working together on issues of international importance. They often cooperate closely in multilateral forums. In many international meetings the Netherlands delegation is seated immediately alongside New Zealand.[278]
New Zealand is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[279]
North Macedonia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[280] Formerly represented as part of the Yugoslav Embassy in Wellington, until thebreakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.[263]
Reidar Sveaas, director of P&O Maritime Ltd. and honorary consul to Auckland said in 2000 that excellent opportunities existed for New Zealand to trade with the world's second largest oil-producing country, Norway.[281]
New Zealand joined 11 other countries in 2006 in delivering a formal diplomatic protest to theNorwegian Foreign Ministry in Oslo over Norway's plans to increase its whaling activities.[282] In 2004Helen Clark, became the firstNew Zealand prime minister to ever visit Norway. She said that both countries see eye-to-eye on almost everything but the commercial harvesting of whales.[283]
New Zealand is accredited to Norway from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
Norway is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
New Zealand is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
Serbia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[286] It was formerly represented as part of the Yugoslav Embassy in Wellington, until thebreakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.[263]
Serbian Ambassador Milivoje Glišić, presented his Letter of Credence to the Governor General of New ZealandSilvia Cartwright on 4 February 2003.
New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960.
Trade between the two countries was based on a very modest exchange totalling US$2.3 million in 2006 but it rose significantly in 2007 to EUR 805 million.
In the 2006 census, over 1,000 New Zealand residents claimed to be ofSerbian ethnicity.[287]
DespiteThe King as the head of state of New Zealand and one of two official national anthems beingGod Save the King, the relationship has been variable over time. Up to the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline as the United Kingdom oriented itself more towards the European Union, with the share of exports going to Britain having fallen to only 6.2 percent in 2000.[293] Historically, some industries, such asdairying, a major economic factor in the former colony, had even more dominant trade links, with 80–100% of all cheese and butter exports going to Britain from around 1890 to 1940.[294] This strong bond also supported the mutual feelings for each other in other areas.
New Zealand's relations with Australia are very close; theCloser Economic Relations agreement gives each country access to the other's markets, and theTrans-Tasman Travel Arrangement allows New Zealanders and Australians automatic residency in each other's countries. As a result of the latter agreement, there is substantial migration between the two countries but especially from New Zealand to Australia, with over 500,000 New Zealanders living in Australia and 65,000 Australians living in New Zealand.[295] TheAustralian Constitution allows for New Zealand to become part of Australia, and although the idea is sometimes floated it has little support in Australia and less in New Zealand. In 2009 there were plans to effectively createdomestic flights between New Zealand and Australia,[296] but these have since been put on hold with the change in the Australian government.[297]
Australia has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.
Since the2006 Military Coup in Fiji relationships between the country have turned icy. In 2007 New Zealand's High Commissioner for Fiji Michael Green was expelled from Fiji by Military leaderFrank Banimarama. Angry at this action the New Zealand government increased trade sanctions against the country while both major political parties saying the expulsion was outrageous and unacceptable.
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