Nettuno is a town andcomune of theMetropolitan City of Rome in theLazio region of central Italy, 60 kilometres (37 miles) south ofRome. A resort city and agricultural center on theTyrrhenian Sea, it has a population of approximately 50,000.
Nettuno has a large base for the Italian Force, whose territory extends to theProvince of Latina, and an Italian Police School, where especiallypolice dogs are trained.
Nettuno is one stop south ofAnzio on the local train from Rome and also the last stop of theFL8 line.
According to a theory, the town would be a direct survival of the RomanAntium, the territory of which almost entirely corresponded to Nettuno and modernAnzio.[3] Giuseppe Tomassetti considered Nettuno the real heir and continuation of the ancient Antiates.[4] In contrast, Beatrice Cacciotti doubted an ancient origin of the town, and postulated amedieval origin.[5]
Nettuno was probably the location of the ancientVolscian port town of Caenon, which was the closest port of the town Antium (which did not have a natural harbour of its own).[6] According to a more recent theory, the town Caenon would be located on a hill more east to Nettuno, and the port (similarly to the old theory above), would have been over the mouth of the river Loricina.[3] In 469 BC, the town Caenon wasdestroyed by the Roman consulTitus Numicius Priscus.[7]
A medieval castle, thecastrum Neptuni, now known as the Borgo Medievale, most likely arose in the 10th or 11th century. According to local tradition, the nameNeptunus would derive from a temple to the Roman godNeptune - the symbol of the town[8] - but it has been hypothesized a derivation from the marshes already present in the area in thelate ancient era, or from a raptor night bird, thenoctunus.[3]
Nettuno, which territory practically coincided with that of the Roman Antium,[3][9] in the Middle Ages had an agricultural evolution.[4] Since 1420 it was afief of theColonna family,[9] then in the early 16th century passed to theBorgia nobles, later returned under the control of the Colonna, which kept it until 1594, when passed to the Church. In the 15th and 16th centuries Nettuno was among the major coastal fortified centers in Lazio, of which was considered the importantbreadbasket: to support the walled and turreted Borgo Medievale, between 1501 and 1503 in the Borgia's period, theForte Sangallo was built byRenaissance architect Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, as it was essential to defend the town against attacks from the sea.[10][11][12] In 1582 the poetAntonio Ongaro was in Nettuno hosted by the Colonna, and there for the first time he recited his fisherman’s tale entitledAlceo.[13]
In 1925 theConvenzione di Nettuno, between Italy andJugoslavia, was signed in the town to regulate the conditions of the Italian citizens in Dalmatia.[12]
From 1940 to 1945, Nettuno and nearby Anzio were a single municipality (comune) called Nettunia.[16]
On January 22, 1944, Anzio and Nettuno were the theatre of an Allied forces landing and the ensuingBattle of Anzio, which began withOperation Shingle duringthe Second World War. American forces (5th Army) were surrounded by Germans in the caves of Pozzoli in February 1944 for a week, suffering heavy casualties.
Nettuno is a popular tourist destination. Sights include a well-preserved old quarter, the Borgo Medievale, with medieval streets and small squares, and theForte Sangallo mentioned above.
Nettuno is also a centre of pilgrimage to theshrine ofSaint Maria Goretti, in which acrypt houses the mortal remains of the saint. The church keeps also a valuable polychromed wooden statue ofOur Lady of Grace, which is honoured by the town with a procession every year on the first Saturday of May. It was originallyOur Lady of Ipswich, although it leftEngland after theReformation.
The privately-owned Villa Costaguti-Borghese at Nettuno was built in 1648, has gardens in a landscape park designed about 1840, now protected as anature reserve. TheBorghese Gladiator was discovered at Nettuno.
Near the eastern border of Nettuno there isTorre Astura: a fortified coastal tower of medieval origin, which overlooks a point of land; it is built over the ruins of a Roman villa with a fish pond. The area its a pleasant coastal place, also frequented byCicero.[18]
Nettuno Baseball Club is one of the most important Italianbaseball teams, often the winner of thenational championship. Baseball was taught to the local people by American soldiers after their landing in World War II.
^abcdPaola Brandizzi Vittucci,Antium: Anzio e Nettuno in epoca romana, Roma, Bardi Editore, 2000.ISBN88-85699-83-9
^abGiuseppe Tomassetti,La Campagna romana antica, medioevale e moderna, vol. II, Roma, 1910.
^Beatrice Cacciotti,Testimonianze di culti orientali ad Antium, in B. P. Benetucci (curator),Culti orientali tra scavo e collezionismo, Roma, Artemide, 2008.
^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith "Antium"; The Topography of Rome and Its Vicinity By Sir William Gell, 1846, "Antium"; Handbook for Travellers in Central Italy by John Murray, 1843, "Nettuno" p. 534.
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