Movatterモバイル変換

Nephrozoa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Proposed clade of animals

Nephrozoa Temporal range:Ediacaran -Present,558–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa Jondeliuset al., 2002
Subdivisions
†Ikaria Deuterostomia Chordata Ambulacraria Protostomia Ecdysozoa Spiralia
Synonyms
EubilateriaAx, 1984

Nephrozoa is a proposed majorclade ofbilaterian animals. Under this hypothesis,Xenacoelomorpha forms the earliest diverging branch of Bilateria, with all other bilaterians placed in Nephrozoa. It contrasts with theXenambulacraria hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related toAmbulacraria (usually placed asdeuterostomes).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Which hypothesis is correct has been debated, and as of 2024 the issue is unresolved.^[7]^[8] The clade is named after a key synapomorphy of the group: the presence of specialized excretory organs known asnephridia.^[9]

Phylogenetic tree

[edit]

Below is a proposedphylogenetic tree of Nephrozoa:

Nephrozoa

540 mya

	Echinodermata

	Hemichordata

anus before mouth

Protostomia

	Ecdysozoa

	Spiralia

610 mya

650 mya

References

[edit]

^Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria".Current Biology.29 (11): 1818–1826.e6.Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009.hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1.ISSN 0960-9822.PMID 31104936.S2CID 155104811.
^Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17)."Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians".Current Biology.29 (12):R577 –R579.Bibcode:2019CBio...29.R577M.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006.ISSN 0960-9822.PMID 31211978.
^Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 Dec 2020)."Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha".Science Advances.6 (10) eabc5162.Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5162K.doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162.PMC 7732190.PMID 33310849.
^Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19)."Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria".Science Advances.7 (12) eabe2741.Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K.doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741.PMC 7978419.PMID 33741592.
^Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21)."A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans".Current Biology.29 (2): 312–318.e3.Bibcode:2019CBio...29E.312M.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042.PMID 30639106.
^Schiffer, Philipp H; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J; Robertson, Helen E; Lapraz, François; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Fromm, Bastian; Baudry, Liam; Simpson, Fraser; Høye, Eirik; Zakrzewski, Anne C; Kapli, Paschalia; Hoff, Katharina J; Müller, Steven; Marbouty, Martial (2024-08-07)."Insights into early animal evolution from the genome of the xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki".eLife.13.doi:10.7554/eLife.94948.ISSN 2050-084X.PMC 11521371.PMID 39109482.
^Abalde, Samuel; Jondelius, Ulf (2025-02-10). Whelan, Nathan (ed.)."A Phylogenomic Backbone for Acoelomorpha Inferred From Transcriptomic Data".Systematic Biology.74 (1):70–85.doi:10.1093/sysbio/syae057.ISSN 1063-5157.PMC 11809588.PMID 39451056.
^Robertson, Helen E.; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau; Saudemont, Baptiste; Loe-Mie, Yann; Zakrzewski, Anne-C.; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Mailhe, Marie-Pierre; Schiffer, Philipp; Telford, Maximilian J.; Marlow, Heather (2024-03-19)."Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights limited cell-type complexity".Nature Communications.15 (1): 2469.Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.2469R.doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45956-y.ISSN 2041-1723.PMC 10951248.PMID 38503762.
^Jondelius, Ulf; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Baguñà, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (2002)."The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes".Zoologica Scripta.31 (2):201–215.doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x.ISSN 1463-6409.

External links

[edit]

Data related toNephrozoa at Wikispecies

Extantanimal phyla

(major groups

ParaHoxozoa
(Planulozoa)

Placozoa (Trichoplax and relatives) Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Bilateria (Triploblasts)	(see below↓)

Thephylogeny of the animal rootis disputed; see also: Eumetazoa; Benthozoa

Scalidophora	Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) Priapulida (penis worms)

N+L+P

Nematoida

L+P

Loricifera (corset animals)

Panarthropoda

Spiralia

Gnathifera

Chaetognatha (arrow worms) Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
M+S	Micrognathozoa(Limnognathia) Syndermata Rotifera (wheel animals) Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)