New Classical architecture, also known asNew Classicism orContemporary Classical architecture,^[1] is acontemporary movement that builds upon the principles ofClassical architecture. It is sometimes considered the modern continuation ofNeoclassical architecture,^[2][3][4] even though other styles might be cited as well, such asGothic,Baroque,Renaissance or even non-Western styles^[5] – often referenced and recreated from apostmodern perspective rather than as strictrevivals.^[6]

The design and construction of buildings in evolving classical styles continued throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, even asmodernist and other non-classical theories broke with the classical language of architecture. The New Classical movement is also tied to a resurgence in newtraditional architecture, which emphasizes craftsmanship rooted in local building traditions and materials.^[7]

During the 1950s and 1960s, a small group of architects in Europe continued designing classical buildings contrary to the prevailing fashion forModernist architecture. British architectsDonald McMorran, who designed several noteworthy neoclassical buildings such as theCripps Hall at the University of Nottingham and described the Modernist movement as "a dictatorship of taste",^[8][9] andRaymond Erith, who mentored New Classical architectQuinlan Terry – Erith's pupil, employee, partner, and ultimately successor – were notable for their neoclassical works, including numerous civic buildings and housing estates. In mainland Europe,François Spoerry contributed to theEuropean Urban Renaissance with his classical designs and by the late 1970s, architects likeLeon Krier andMaurice Culot [fr] began challenging modernist planning through publications and counter-projects,^[10] a movement further bolstered by the support ofKing Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and initiatives such asThe Prince's Foundation for Building Community.^[11]

During the same period,postmodern architecture emerged as a critique to modernist architectural aesthetics.^[12] Influential architects inside this movement, such asCharles Moore,Robert Venturi,^[13] andMichael Graves used classical elements as ironic motifs to criticize modernism's sterility. A broad spectrum of more than two dozen architects, theorists, and historians also presented alternatives to modernism^[14] and among them were several serious New Classical architects who viewed classicism as a legitimate mode of architectural expression, some of whom would later becomeDriehaus Prize Laureates, including figures likeThomas Beeby andRobert A.M. Stern, who practiced both postmodern and classical styles. Some postmodernist firms, such as Stern and Albert, Righter, & Tittman, outright transitioned from postmodern design to new interpretations of traditional architecture.^[12]

On the education front, Thomas Gordon Smith, a Rome Prize laureate from theAmerican Academy in Rome, publishedClassical Architecture: Rule and Invention in 1988 and was appointed to chair theUniversity of Notre Dame's Department of Architecture a year later, structuring the curriculum around classical and traditional building practices.^[15][16] Today, programs that teach New Classical Architecture are offered at theUniversity of Miami,Judson University,Andrews University and theCenter for Advanced Research in Traditional Architecture in Traditional Architecture at theUniversity of Colorado Denver.^[17]

The New Classical movement continues to develop at the professional and popular level, gaining momentum after the 1963 demolition ofMcKim, Mead & White'sPennsylvania Railroad Station inNew York City, which led to the formation ofClassical America. Led byHenry Hope Reed, Jr.,^[18] which advocated for the appreciation of classical architecture by teaching architects the classical orders and hosting various events and conferences.^[19] In 2002, the Institute of Classical Architecture merged with Classical America to form theInstitute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA), which supports regional chapters in the United States that host awards programs,^[20] publishes the peer-reviewed journalThe Classicist,^[21] and offers educational programs for professionals and the public.^[22] The international expansion of the movement was catalyzed by the creation of theInternational Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU) in 2001,^[23] a global organization under the patronage of King Charles III,^[24] focused on supporting traditional architecture and preserving local character.^[25]

In 2003, philanthropistRichard H. Driehaus established theDriehaus Architecture Prize, awarded by theUniversity of Notre Dame School of Architecture, to honor architects whose work embodies classical and traditional principles in architecture and urbanism, seen as the alternative to the modernistPritzker Prize, but with double the cash prize.^[26] It is awarded alongside theReed Award which recognizes individuals outside architecture who support traditional city design through writing, planning, or promotion.^[27] Other notable classical architecture awards include the AmericanPalladio Award,^[28] theEuropeanPhilippe Rotthier Prize [fr],^[29] theIberianRafael Manzano Prize,^[30] theEdmund N. Bacon Prize,^[31] and theRieger Graham Prize^[32] of theInstitute of Classical Architecture and Art (ICAA) for architecture graduates.

Since 2014, the "Arkitekturupprororet" (Architectural Uprising) movement in Sweden has advocated for traditional designs in new developments.^[33] Originally a Facebook group, it has expanded to other Nordic countries and the rest of the world,^[34] achieving moderate success in promoting traditional architecture.^[33] The movement's main goal is to "make architecture available to everyone"^[33] through social media and annual awards recognizing the best and worst new buildings in Sweden.

In 2021, efforts to reintroduce New Classical architecture into urban planning were furthered in the U.S. by architectNir Buras,^[35] who founded the Classic Planning Institute (CPI). Based inWashington, D.C., the CPI focuses on research, practice, and education to incorporate New Classical principles into contemporary urban planning. The CPI also hosts the Traditional Architecture Gathering (TAG),^[36] an international conference that attracts hundred of architects and enthusiasts to discuss New Classical Architecture worldwide.

New Classical professionals tend to work under the assumption that there is no such thing as purely original creation, and that innovation unavoidably occurs in an environment laden with suggestions, influences, a precedent of problems solved and, perhaps more importantly, mistakes to be avoided.^[37]

Many New Classical architects believe in the importance ofsustainability, and aim to create long-lasting, well-crafted buildings of great quality, adapted to the context and with an efficient use ofnatural resources.^[38]

While most universities worldwide teach modernist design principles, some institutions teach (solely, mainly, or partly) the principles of traditional and classical architecture and urban planning. Some of these are:^[39]

Brazil

• Centro Universitário Euroamericano [pt] (UNIEURO), inBrasília.^[40]

India

• Tirumala S.V. Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA), inTirupati,Andhra Pradesh.^[41]

Italy

• Polytechnic University of Bari, inBari.^[42]

New Zealand

• UNITEC Institute of Technology, inAuckland.^[42]

United Kingdom

• National Design Academy, inNottingham (heritage interior design).^[43]
• The Prince's Foundation for Building Community, inLondon.
• The Prince's School of Traditional Arts, inLondon.
• Unit 6 of theKingston School of Art'sMaster of Architecture program,^[44] the only postgraduate unit in the United Kingdom to teach classical design. Previously, this was taught in the undergraduate program.
• University of Portsmouth, inPortsmouth, School of Architecture.^[45]
• PRASADA – Practice, Research, and Advancement in South Asian Design and Architecture atWelsh School of Architecture,Cardiff University, in Cardiff, Wales.

United States

• Andrews University, inBerrien Springs, Michigan.^[46]
• American College of the Building Arts.^[47] and School of the Arts atCollege of Charleston, inCharleston, South Carolina.
• The Center for Advanced Research in Traditional Architecture at theUniversity of Colorado, inDenver, Colorado.
• University of Miami, inCoral Gables, Florida.^[48]
• Yale School of Architecture, inNew Haven, Connecticut.^[49]
• Grand Central Academy of Art formerly hosted at theInstitute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA), inNew York City, New York.
• Institute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA), inNew York City, New York.
• University of Notre Dame School of Architecture, inNotre Dame, Indiana.
• Utah Valley University, inOrem, Utah.^[50]
• Beaux-Arts Academy, inSalt Lake City, Utah.^[51]
• Academy of Classical Design, in Southern Pines, North Carolina.
• The Classic Planning Institute,Washington D.C.

• 
  Richmond Riverside, London, England, 1984–87, byQuinlan Terry
• 
  Brentwood Cathedral,Brentwood, England, 1991, byQuinlan Terry
• 
  Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, 1992 byRobert A.M. Stern Architects
• 
  Maitland Robinson Library,Cambridge, England, 1992, byQuinlan Terry
• 
  Poundbury, England, 1993, byLéon Krier
• 
  Garden Pavilion at Edgewater, 1997, byMichael Dwyer
• 
  Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall,Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 1998, byDavid M. Schwarz
• 
  Queen's Gallery (currently known as the King's Gallery),London, England, 2002, byJohn Simpson
• 
  Judiciary City,Luxembourg City,Luxembourg, 2008, byRob Krier
• 
  Royal Air Force Bomber Command Memorial,London, England, 2012, by Liam O'Connor
• 
  Christ Chapel,Hillsdale, Michigan, 2019, byDuncan G. Stroik

• Complementary architecture
• Revivalism (architecture)
• Classical Realism
• Driehaus Architecture Prize
• Traditional architecture
• Outline of classical architecture

• Alexander, Christopher (1979).The Timeless Way of Building. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-502402-9.
• Charles, Prince of Wales (1989).A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture. Doubleday.ISBN 978-0-385-26903-2.
• Coles, William A. (1961).Architecture in America: A Battle of Styles. Ardent Media.
• Curl, James Stevens (2003).Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms. Norton.ISBN 978-0-393-73119-4.
• Dodd, Phillip James (2013).The Art of Classical Details: Theory, Design and Craftsmanship. Images Publishing.ISBN 978-1-86470-203-3.
• Dowling, Elizabeth Meredith (2004).New Classicism: The Rebirth of Traditional Architecture. Random House Incorporated.ISBN 978-0-8478-2660-5.
• Gabriel, J. François (2004).Classical Architecture for the Twenty-first Century: An Introduction to Design. W.W. Norton & Company.ISBN 978-0-393-73076-0.
• Gromort, Georges (2001).The Elements of Classical Architecture. W.W. Norton.ISBN 978-0-393-73051-7.
• Krier, Léon (1985).Albert Speer: architecture, 1932-1942. Archives d'architecture moderne.ISBN 978-2-87143-006-3.
• Matrana, Marc R. (2009).Lost Plantations of the South. Univ. Press of Mississippi.ISBN 978-1-60473-469-0.
• Reed, Henry Hope (1971).The Golden City. W.W. Norton.ISBN 978-0-393-00547-9.
• Scully, Vincent Joseph (1974).The shingle style today: or, The historian's revenge. G. Braziller.ISBN 978-0-8076-0759-6.
• Stroik, Duncan (2012).The Church Building as a Sacred Place: Beauty, Transcendence, and the Eternal. Liturgy Training Publications.ISBN 978-1-59525-037-7.
• Summerson, John (1963).The Classical Language of Architecture. MIT Press.ISBN 978-0-262-69012-6.
• Watkin, David (1977).Morality and Architecture. Clarendon Press.ISBN 978-0-19-817350-2.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toNew Classical architecture.

• Media related toNew Classical architecture at Wikimedia Commons
• Illustrated Glossary of Classical Architecture
• Institute of Classical Architecture and Art
• Traditional Architecture Group
• INTBAU – Universities / institutions offering traditional architecture courses by country
• OpenSource Classicism – project for free educational content about (new) classical architecture
• The architectural traditions are back – we should celebrate,The Spectator, Hugh Pearman, 28 October 2017

Examples

• Neohistorism Photo Group - New Classic Architecture

• New Classical architecture
• Classical architecture
• Neoclassical architecture
• Revival architectural styles
• 20th-century architectural styles
• 21st-century architectural styles

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