Detail of the goddessGula, her dog, and ascorpion man from kudurru of Nebuchadnezzar granting Šitti-Marduk freedom from taxation. British Museum.[i 1][1]
He is unrelated to his later namesake,Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II, who has come to be known by the Hebrew form of his name "Nebuchadnezzar." Consequently, it is anachronistic but not inappropriate to apply this designation retroactively to the earlier king, as he does not make an appearance in the Bible. He is misidentified in theChronicle Concerning the Reign ofŠamaš-šuma-ukin[i 4] as the brother ofŠirikti-šuqamuna probably in place ofNinurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I.[4] He succeeded his father,Ninurta-nādin-šumi, and was succeeded in turn by his sonEnlil-nādin-apli, brotherMarduk-nādin-aḫḫē and then nephewMarduk-šāpik-zēri, the only members of this family known to have reigned during the dynasty.
TheEnmeduranki legend, or theSeed of kingship,[i 5] is a Sumero-Akkadian composition relating his endowment with perfect wisdom (nam-kù-zu) by the god Marduk and his claim to belong to a "distant line of kingship from before the flood" and to be an "offspring ofEnmeduranki, king ofSippar." It begins with a lament over preceding events:
At that time, in the reign of a previous king, conditions changed. Good departed and evil was regular,[c] The lord became angry and got furious. He gave the command and the gods of the land abandoned it […] its people were incited to commit crime. The guardians of peace became furious, and went up to the dome of heaven, the spirit of justice stood aside. …who guards living beings, prostrated the people, they all became like those who have no god. Evil demons filled the land, the namtar-demon […] they penetrated the cult centers. The land diminished, its fortunes changed. The wicked Elamite, who did not hold (the land's) treasures in esteem, […] his battle, his attack was swift. He devastated the habitations, he made them into a ruin, he carried off the gods, he ruined the shrines.[5]
The duration of Nebuchadnezzar's war with Elam and the number of campaigns he conducted are not known, though it is reasonable to believe that this was a protracted effort with diverse strategic considerations.[6] According to a later literary tradition, an invasion of Elam was thwarted when his army was struck by plague and he narrowly escaped death in the stampede to return home. A raid, oršiḫṭu, commemorated in akudurru created during his reign describes a successful campaign. In this raid he was accompanied by theKassite chieftain Šitti-Marduk who struck the decisive blow,[i 1] he was able to overrun Elam in a surprise attack conducted from Dēr during the hottest of the summer months, Dumuzi, when
the axes (held in the hand) burned like fire and the road-surfaces were scorching like flame. There was no water in the wells and drinking supplies were unavailable. The strength of the powerful horses slackened and the legs of even the strongest man weakened.[7]
— Shitti-Marduk kudurru, i 17–21.
According to thekudduru, Nebuchadnezzar routed the Elamite kingḪulteludiš-Inšušinak on the banks of the river Ulaya in an engagement that saw the dust of the battle darkening the sky. No contemporary or later source records a sack of Susa by Nebuchadnezzar, but according to anotherkudurru he was able to retrieve thestatue of Marduk (here called Bēl) and that of the goddess Il-āliya (DINGIR.URU-ia) during this or another campaign.[i 6] The campaign destroyed Elam as a power and provided a defining moment for the Babylonians akin to the siege of Troy for the ancient Greeks.[8]
This famous victory was celebrated in hymns, and poetry; and alluded to in theMarduk prophecy.[i 7] Known as "Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur and Marduk"[i 8] a poetic document dealing with the legendary story of his recovery of the statue of Marduk; and is one of two hymns glorify his military achievements. It opens with the king in despair, lamenting over the absence of Marduk, "beautiful Babylon pass through your heart, Turn your face toward (your temple) Esagila, which you love!"
A Kudurru from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I. British Museum
TheHymn to Marduk,[i 9] celebrating victory over the Elamites, is assigned to him rather thanAshurbanipal who had a similar triumph, on stylistic grounds. There is a poetic pseudo-autobiography,[i 10] which does not actually mention him by name. An interlinear Sumero-Akkadian text[i 11] describes the events preceding the return of the statue from Elam and its joyous installation in Babylon.[9] A seventh-century astrological report alludes to observations made during his reign and their relationship to his devastation of Elam.
TheSynchronistic History[i 12] relates his entente cordiale with his contemporary, theAssyrian kingAššur-rēša-iši I,[i 13] and subsequently the outcome of two military campaigns against the border fortresses of Zanqi and Idi that he conducted in violation of this agreement. The first was curtailed by the arrival of Aššur-rēša-iši's main force, causing Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur to burn his siege engines and flee, while the second resulted in a battle in which the Assyrians apparently triumphed, "slaughtered his troops (and) carried off his camp." It even reports the capture of the Babylonian field marshal, Karaštu.[10]
He is titled as the conqueror of the Amorite lands,[d] "despoiler of the Kassites," in the Šittti-Marduk kudurru, despite the beneficiary being a Kassite chieftain and ally, and having smitten the mighty Lullubû with weapons.[11]
His construction activities are memorialized in building inscriptions of the Ekituš-ḫegal-tila, temple ofAdad, in Babylon, on bricks from the temple of Enlil inNippur and appear in the later kingSimbar-Šipak's reference to his having built the throne ofEnlil for the Ekur-igigal in Nippur. A late Babylonian inventory lists his donations of gold vessels inUr andNabonidus,c. 555 to 539 BC, consulted his stele for theēntu-priestess.
The earliest of three extant economic texts is dated to his eighth year. Together with three kudurrus and a stone memorial tablet, these are the only contemporary commercial or administrative records extant. Apart from the two deeds related to the Elamite campaign, the other kudurru[i 14] bears witness to a land grant to thenišakku of Nippur, a certain Nudku-ibni.[12] His name appears on fourLorestān bronze daggers and there is a prayer to Marduk on two more. He may be the Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur who is mentioned in theChronicle of Market Prices[i 15] which records his ninth year but the context is lost.
The UrukList of Sages and Scholars[i 16] names Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib as theummânu, or sage, who served under him and the later kingAdad-apla-iddina when he would author theBabylonian Theodicy,[13] and several literary texts are thought to originate from his age, written in bothSumerian andAkkadian.
Lambert has suggested that it was during his reign that Marduk was elevated to the head of the pantheon, displacing Enlil and that theEnûma Eliš was possibly composed, but some historians claim an origin during the earlier Kassite dynasty.[11] A text concerning chemical process (imitations for precious stones) bears a colophon identifying it as a copy of an older Babylonian original but places it in his library.
^Previous scholarship assumed that Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, the founder of the second dynasty of Isin, ruled for the first years of his reign concurrently with the last Kassite king, but per Beaulieu (2018), more recent research suggests that this was not the case. Nebuchadnezzar I has previously been dated to about 1125–1104 BC, with 1121–1100 BC being Beaulieu's revised dates.[2]
^"In some passages of the Bible, the name is given, mistakenly, with an 'n' in place of the 'r', asNebuchadnezzan."[3]
^P. Pitkanen (2004).Central Sanctuary and Centralization of Worship in Ancient Israel. Gorgias Press. p. 34.ISBN978-1-4632-0368-9.
^Nielsen, John (2012)."Nebuchadnezzar I's Eastern Front".The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History, AOAT.392:401–411.
^D. J. Wiseman (1975). "XXXI: Assyria and Babylonia, c. 1200-1000 BC". In I. E. S. Edwards (ed.).Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380-1000 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 454–457.
^Benjamin R. Foster (2009). "Akkadian Literature". In Carl S. Ehrlich (ed.).From an antique land: an introduction to ancient Near Eastern literature. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 200.
^J. J. M. Roberts (2002).The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Collected Essays. Eisenbrauns. pp. 83–92.
^William John Hinke (1907). "From Nippur".A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 142–155.ISBN9781512812336.JSTORj.ctv5138jw.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Alan Lenzi (2008). "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship".Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions.8 (2):137–169.doi:10.1163/156921208786611764.
%2c_Reign_of_Nebuchadnezzar_I.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_Colorized_per_source.jpg)
%2c_Hamadan_mint.jpg)
