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Ndau language

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(Redirected fromNdau dialect)

Shona dialect of central Mozambique and Zimbabwe

Not to be confused withNdao language orPendau language.

Ndau
Region	Mozambique,Zimbabwe,South Africa
Native speakers	(2.4 million cited 2000–2006)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Southern Bantoid Bantu Shona (S.10) Ndau
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`ndc`
Glottolog	`ndau1241`
Guthrie code	`S.15`^[2]

Ndau (also calledchiNdau,Chindau,Ndzawu,Njao,Chidanda) is aBantu language spoken by 2,400,000 people.

Ndau is aShona language and it is mutually intelligible with other Shona languages such as Manyika, Zezuru and Karanga. The 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe accorded Ndau's status as an official language.^[3]

It is anational language ofZimbabwe.

Sample text

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AIDS awareness street art inMachaze district, promotingcondom use. The text reads in Portuguese: "think of the consequences, change behaviour, prevent HIV/ADS". To the left, the same text in the Ndau language.

The mutual intelligibility of Ndau with other Shona varieties is fairly high, but some speakers of other Shona varieties may find it difficult to understand. Differences and similarities can be measured by examining a Ndau version of Lord's Prayer:

Baba edu ari mudenga, ngariremeredzwe zina renyu. UMambo hwenyu ngahuuye. Kuda kwenyu ngakuitwa munyika kudai ngomudenga. Tipei nege kurya kwedu kwatinotama nyamashi. Tirekererei ndaa dzedu kudai tisu takarekerera avo vane ndaa kwetiri. Usatipinza mukuedzwa, asi tinunure kuno uwo wakashata.

The equivalent paragraph inStandard Shona (mainly based on Zezuru) is:

Baba vedu vari kudenga, zita renyu ngarikudzwe. UMambo hwenyu ngahwuuye. Kuda kwenyu ngakuitwe pasi sokudenga. Tipei nhasi kudya kwedu kwakwezuva. Tiregererei zvatinokutadzirai sekuregerera kwatinoita vakatitadzira. Musatipinze mukuedzwa, asi mutinunure mune zvakaipa.

Phonology

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Consonants

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		Labial		Alveolar				Lateral		Post- alveolar		Velar		Glottal
		plain	lab.	plain	wstd.	lab.	pal.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Plosive	voiceless	p	pʷ	t		tʷ	tʲ					k	kʷ
	voiced	b	bʷ	d		dʷ	dʲ					ɡ	ɡʷ
	aspirated	pʰ	pʰʷ	tʰ		tʰʷ	tʰʲ					kʰ	kʰʷ
	implosive	ɓ	ɓʷ	ɗ		ɗʷ	ɗʲ					(ɠ)
	ejective	pʼ		tʼ								kʼ
	prenasal vl.	ᵐp		ⁿt		ⁿtʷ						ᵑk
	prenasal asp.	ᵐpʰ		ⁿtʰ								ᵑkʰ
	prenasal vd.	ᵐb	ᵐbʷ	ⁿd		ⁿdʷ	ⁿdʲ					ᵑɡ	ᵑɡʷ
Affricate	voiceless	p͡f		t͡s	t͡sᶲ	t͡sʷ				t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʷ
	voiced	b͡v		d͡z	d͡zᵝ	d͡zʷ				d͡ʒ	d͡ʒʷ
	aspirated	p͡fʰ		t͡sʰ	t͡sᶲʰ	t͡sʷʰ				t͡ʃʰ	t͡ʃʷʰ
	ejective	p͡fʼ		t͡sʼ	t͡sᶲʼ					t͡ʃʼ
	prenasal	ᵐb͡v		ⁿd͡z	ⁿd͡zᵝ	ⁿd͡zʷ				ᶮd͡ʒ	ᶮd͡ʒʷ
Fricative	voiceless	f	fʷ	s	sᶲ	sʷ		ɬ	ɬʷ	ʃ	ʃʷ			h	hʷ
	voiced	v	vʷ	z	zᵝ	zʷ		ɮ	ɮʷ	ʒ	ʒʷ
	prenasal	ᶬv		ⁿz	ⁿzᵝ	ⁿzʷ		ⁿɮ		ᶮʒ	ᶮʒʷ
Nasal	voiced	m	mʷ	n		nʷ				ɲ	ɲʷ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Nasal	breathy	mʱ	mʱʷ	nʱ		nʱʷ
Trill				r		rʷ	rʲ
Approximant		β̞	β̞ʷ					l		j			w

Other labialized sounds are labialized-whistled sounds as/sᶲʷ,zᵝʷ/.
Other palatalized sounds are labialized-palatalized ones as/tʲʷ,rʲʷ/.
Other affricate sounds are/p͡sᶲ,b͡zᵝ/.
/h,hʷ/ may also range to voiced[ɦ,ɦʷ] within dialectal areas.
/β̞,β̞ʷ/ may also range to labio-dental[ʋ,ʋʷ] in free variation.
The velar implosive/ɠ/ only appears in a few words.
/r/ when occurring before vowels/i,e/, can be heard as a lateral flap[ɺ].^[4]
Sibilant sounds/d͡z,s/ may have aspirated allophones as[d͡zʱ,sʰ].^[5]
Prenasal aspirated sounds/ᵐpʰ,ⁿtʰ,ᵑkʰ/ can have allophones as prenasal-devoiced plosives[ᵐb̥ʰ,ⁿd̥ʰ,ᵑɡ̊ʰ].^[6]

Click consonants
		Dental	Post- alveolar	Lateral
Voiceless	plain	ᵏǀ	ᵏǃ	ᵏǁ
	aspirated		ᵏǃʰ	ᵏǁʰ
	nasalized	ᵑǀ	ᵑǃ	ᵑǁ
Voiced	plain	ᶢǀ	ᶢǃ	ᶢǁ
Voiced	nasalized		ᵑǃᶢ

Vowels

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	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Alphabet

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While the mainstream Shona language excludes L, Q and X from its alphabet, Ndau orthography uses them as shown by the examples below:

Mainstream Shona "Akatizira and the Ndau versionAkafohla: 'L' is used in the digraphhl for the sound[ɬ].
Mainstream Shona "kuridza tsamwa and the Ndau versionkuxapa: 'X' is used for theclick consonant[ᵏǁ].
Mainstream Shona "Kurara and the Ndau versionKuqambaya: 'Q' is used for theclick consonant[ᵏǃ].

These sounds have been acquired from neighboringNguni languages.

Proverbs, fables, and songs

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In 1922,C. Kamba Simango, a Vandau ethnographer, working together withFranz Boas, published acollection of 20 Ndau fables and 29 Ndau proverbs, accompanied by an English translation, in theJournal of American Folklore.^[7] The following are some of the proverbs:

"Simba lo ngwena lili mumfula." ("The strength of the crocodile is in the water.") (#1)
"Chipanga achizivi vatendji." ("The knife does not know its owner; i.e. it cuts everyone, even its owner.") (#8)
"Hove djinotevela mulambo wadjo." ("Fish follow their river; i.e. people will support their own family or tribe.") (#24)
"Manthede a·novengana pakurga, napamfumfu anobesana." ("Baboons quarrel over food, but in danger help one another.") (#28)

Simango also provided the Ndau texts and translations that appear inSongs and Tales from the Dark Continent byNatalie Curtis Burlin, published in 1920.^[8] The book contains 6 proverbs in Ndau and English with commentary^[9] along with songs that include the Ndau lyrics, English translation, plus a transcription of the music.^[10] There are ritual songs, includingMate'ka, "Song of the Rain Ceremony;"^[11]Manthi'ki, "Spirit Song;"^[12]Lum'bo Lgo Lu'do, "Love-Song;"^[13] andMafu've, "Dance of Girls,"^[14] along with a selection of "Children's Songs,"^[15] "Laboring Songs,"^[16] and "Dance Songs,"^[17] plusKufa'mba, a mocking song^[18] andChili'lo, a lament.^[19] There are also 2 songs in Ndau and in English included in the folktale, "How the Animals Dug Their Well,"^[20] plus a song that is part of the "Legend of the Daughter and the Slave"^[21] and a song that is part of the "Legend of the Sky-Maiden."^[22] In an appendix, there is an interlinear word-for-word rendering of the Ndau proverbs and song lyrics into English.^[23]

References

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^Ndau atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.New Updated Guthrie List Online
^"Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)"(PDF). Government of Zimbabwe. January 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 October 2013 – via Kubatana.net.
^Mkanganwi, Kumbirai G. (1972).An outline of the morphology of substantives in Ndau, with a preliminary note on Ndau phonology.
^Borland, Colin H. (1970).Eastern Shona: a comparative dialect study. University of Cape Town.
^Sithole, Emmanuel (2017).From dialect to 'official' language: towards the intellectualisation of Ndau in Zimbabwe. Rhodes University.
^Boas, Franz; Simango, C. Kamba (1922)."Tales and Proverbs of the Vandau of Portuguese South Africa."Journal of American Folklore. 35 (136): 151-204.
^Burlin, Natalie Curtis; Simango, C. Kamba; Čele, Madikane (1920).Songs and Tales from the Dark Continent.
^Burlin 1920, p. 14.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 81-129.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 20-23.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 24-28.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 28-29.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 29-30.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 30-31.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 32-35.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 35-39.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 39-40.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 41-43.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 45-47.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 49-51.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 51-53.
^Burlin 1920, pp. 153-164.

Ndau language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

v t e Languages of Mozambique
Official language	Portuguese
Indigenous languages	Barwe Chewa Chichopi Chitonga Chuwabu Dema Gitonga Kimwani Koti Kunda Lomwe Maindo Makhuwa Makonde Makwe Manyika Nathembo Ndau Ngoni Nsenga Nyungwe Phimbi Ronga Sena Shona Swahili Swati Tawara Tewe Tsonga Tswa Yao
Immigrant languages	English Punjabi Hindi
Sign languages	Mozambican Sign Language

v t e Languages of Zimbabwe
Official languages	Zimbabwean English Chewa Chibarwe Kalanga Koisan Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shona Sotho Tonga Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zimbabwe Sign
Unofficial languages	Kunda Tswa Lozi
Immigrant languages	French Punjabi Hindi Chinese Portuguese

NarrowBantu languages (Zones N–S) (byGuthrie classification)

Zone N

N10	N11Manda N12Ngoni N13Matengo N14Mpoto N15Tonga [N101Ndendeule N102Nindi N121Ngoni of Malawi
N20	N21Tumbuka [N201Mwera of Mbamba Bay
N30	N31aNyanja N31bCewa N31cManganja
N40	N41Nsenga N42Kunda N43Nyungwe N44Sena N45[44]Rue N46[44]Podzo [N441Sena-Malawi

Zone P

P10	P11Ndengereko P12Ruihi P13Matumbi P14Ngindo P15Mbunga
P20	P21Yao P22Mwera P23Makonde P24Ndonde P25Mabiha
P30	P31Makua P32Lomwe P33Ngulu P34Cuabo [P311Koti P312Sakati P331Lomwe of Malawi P341Moniga

Zone R

R10	R11Umbundu R12Ndombe R13Nyaneka R14Khumbi [R101Kuvale R102Kwisi R103Mbali
R20	R21Kwanyama R22Ndonga R23Kwambi R24Ngandyera [R211Kafima R212Evale R213Mbandja R214Mbalanhu R215Ndongwena R216Kwankwa R217Dombondola R218Esinga R241Kwaluudhi R242Kolonkadhi-Eunda
R30	R31Herero [R311North-West Herero R312Botswana Herero
R40	R41Yei

Zone S

S10	S11Korekore S12Zezuru S13aManyika S13bTebe S14Karanga S15Ndau S16Kalanga
S20	S21Venda
S30	S31aTswana S31bKgatla S31cNgwatu S31d[311]Khalaxadi S32aPedi S32bLobedu S33Sotho [S301Phalaborwa S302Kutswe S303Pai S304Pulana
S40	S41Xhosa S42Zulu S43Swati S44(Northern) Ndebele [S401Old Mfengu S402Bhaca S403Hlubi S404Phuthi S405Nhlangwini S406Lala S407South Ndebele S408Sumayela Ndebele
S50	S51Tswa S52[53]Gwamba S53Tsonga S54Ronga [S511Hlengwe
S60	S61Copi S62Tonga [S611Lenge

Italics indicateextinct languages.
Languages between parentheses arevarieties of the language on their left.

TheGuthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.

Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates: Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M); Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

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