| United States Navy SEALs | |
|---|---|
 Special Warfare insignia known as the "SEAL Trident" | |
| Active | January 1, 1962 – present (63 years, 2 months) |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Navy |
| Type | Special operations force |
| Role | |
| Part of | |
| Garrison/HQ | Naval Amphibious Base Coronado Joint Expeditionary Base–Little Creek |
| Nickname(s) | "Frogmen", "The Teams", "Team Guys", "The Men with Green Faces"[2] |
| Motto(s) | "The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday"[3] "It Pays To Be A Winner". "Never Out Of The Fight". |
| Engagements |
|
TheUnited States Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL)Teams, commonly known asNavy SEALs, are theUnited States Navy's primaryspecial operations force and a component of theUnited States Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime, jungle, urban, arctic, mountainous, and desert environments. SEALs are typically ordered to capture or kill high-level targets, or to gather intelligence behind enemy lines.[8] SEAL team personnel are hand-selected, highly trained, and highly proficient in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), andspecial reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition, intelligence gathering, and hydrographic reconnaissance, training, and advising friendly militaries or other forces.[9][1] All active SEALs are members of the U.S. Navy.[13]
Although not formally founded until 1962, the modern-day U.S. Navy SEALs trace their roots toWorld War II.[8] The United States Military recognized the need for thecovertreconnaissance oflanding beaches andcoastal defenses. As a result, the joint Army, Marine Corps, and NavyAmphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 atFort Pierce, Florida.[12] The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after theattack on Pearl Harbor, from theObserver Group, a joint U.S. Army-Marine-Navy unit.
Recognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force, a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled atAmphibious Training Base (ATB) Little Creek, Virginia on 15 August 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders (Joint) training. The Scouts and Raiders' mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach, maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing, and guide the assault waves to the landing beach.[8] The unit was led by U.S. Army 1st Lieutenant Lloyd Peddicord as commanding officer, and Navy Ensign John Bell as executive officer. Navy Chief Petty Officers and sailors came from the boat pool at U. S. Naval Amphibious Training Base,Solomons, Maryland, and Army Raider personnel came from the3rd and9th Infantry Divisions. They trained at Little Creek until embarking for the North Africa campaign the following November.Operation Torch was launched in November 1942 off the Atlantic coast of French Morocco in North Africa.[14]
The first group includedPhil H. Bucklew, the "Father of Naval Special Warfare," after whom theNaval Special Warfare Center building is named. Commissioned in October 1942, this group saw combat in November 1942 duringOperation Torch on the North African Coast. Scouts and Raiders also supported landings inSicily,Salerno,Anzio,Normandy, andsouthern France.[15]
The second group of Scouts and Raiders, code-namedSpecial Service Unit No. 1, was established on 7 July 1943, as a joint andcombined operations force. The first mission, in September 1943, was atFinschhafen inPapua New Guinea. Later operations were atGasmata,Arawe,Cape Gloucester, and the east and south coasts ofNew Britain, all without any loss of personnel. Conflicts arose over operational matters, and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned. The unit, renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts, received a new mission, to go ashore with the assault boats, buoy channels, erect markers for the incoming craft, handle casualties, take offshore soundings, clear beach obstacles, and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore, incoming boats and nearby ships. The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict, participating in more than 40 landings.[8]
The third and final Scouts and Raiders organization operated in China. Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with theSino-American Cooperative Organization (SACO). To help bolster the work of SACO, AdmiralErnest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for "Amphibious Raider" at the Scout and Raider school atFort Pierce, Florida. They formed the core of what was envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes, and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans." While most Amphibious Raider forces remained atCamp Knox in Calcutta, three of the groups saw active service. They conducted a survey of the upperYangtze River in the spring of 1945 and, disguised ascoolies, conducted a detailed three-month survey of the Chinese coast fromShanghai toKitchioh Wan, nearHong Kong.[8]
In September 1942, 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATBLittle Creek, Virginia for a week-long course in demolitions, explosive cable cutting, and commando raiding techniques. On 10 November 1942, the first combat demolition unit successfully cut cable and net barriers across the WadiSebou River duringOperation Torch in North Africa. This enabledUSS Dallas (DD-199) to traverse the water and insertU.S. Rangers who captured thePort Lyautey airdrome.
In early May 1943, a two-phase "Naval Demolition Project" was directed by theChief of Naval Operations "to meet a present and urgent requirement". The first phase began at ATB Solomons, Maryland with the establishment of Operational Naval Demolition Unit No. 1. Six officers and eighteen enlisted men reported from theSeabee's NTCCamp Peary dynamiting and demolition school, for a four-week course. Those Seabees, led by Lieutenant Fred Wise CEC, were immediately sent to participate in the invasion of Sicily.[17] At that time Lieutenant CommanderDraper L. Kauffman, "The Father of Naval Combat Demolition," was selected to set up a school for Naval Demolitions and direct the entire Project. The first six classes graduated from "Area E" at NTC Camp Peary.[18] LCDR Kauffman's needs quickly out-grew "Area E" and on 6 June 1943, he established NCDU training at Fort Pierce. Most of Kauffman's volunteers came from the navy'sCivil Engineer Corps (CEC) and enlisted Seabees. Training commenced with a grueling week designed to filter out under-performing candidates. Eventually given the name "Hell Week" by NCDU recruits, this rigorous course was integrated into UDT training and remains a part of modern-day Navy Seal training today.[19]
By April 1944, a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation forOperation Overlord, the amphibious landing atNormandy. On 6 June 1944, under heavy fire, the NCDUs atOmaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses. The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded, a casualty rate of 52%. Meanwhile, the NCDUs atUtah Beach met less intense enemy fire. They cleared 700 yards (640 metres) of beach in two hours, another 900 yards (820 metres) by the afternoon. Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded. During Operation Overlord, not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives. In August 1944, four NCDUs from Utah Beach plus nine others participated in the landingsOperation Dragoon in southern France. It was the last amphibious operation in theEuropean Theater of Operations. Once the European invasions were complete, Rear Admiral Kelly Turner requisitioned all available NCDUs from Fort Pierce for integration into theUnderwater Demolition Teams (UDTs) operating in thePacific Theater.
Thirty NCDUs[20] had been sent to the Pacific prior to Normandy. NCDUs 1–10 were staged onFlorida Island in theSolomon Islands (archipelago) during January 1944.[21] NCDU 1 went briefly to theAleutians in 1943.[22] NCDUs 4 and 5 were the first to see combat by helping the4th Marines atGreen Island andEmirau Island.[22] A few were temporarily attached to UDTs.[21] Later NCDUs 1–10 were combined to form Underwater Demolition Team Able.[21] Six NCDUs: 2,3, 19, 20, 21 and 24 served with the Seventh Amphibious Force and were the only remaining NCDUs at the end of the war. TheNaval Special Warfare Command building is named for LTJG Frank Kaine CEC commander of NCDU 2.
The first units designated as Underwater Demolition Teams were formed in thePacific Theater.Rear Admiral Kelly Turner, the Navy's top amphibious expert, ordered the formation of Underwater Demolition Teams in response to the failed invasion atTarawa and the Marines' inability to clear the surrounding coral reefs withLanding Vehicle Tracked (LVTS). Turner recognized thatamphibious operations requiredintelligence of underwater obstacles. The personnel for these teams were mostly localSeabees or others that had started out in the NCDUs. UDT training was at theWaipio Amphibious Operating Base, under V Amphibious Corps operational and administrative control. Most of the instructors and trainees were graduates of the Fort Pierce NCDU or Scouts and Raiders schools, Seabees, Marines, and Army soldiers.
When Teams 1 and 2 were initially formed, they were "provisional" with 180 men in total.[23] The first underwater demolition team commanders were CDR E.D. Brewster (CEC) UDT 1 and CDR John T. Koehler UDT 2.[24] The teams wore fatigues with life-vests and were not expected to leave their boats—similar to the NCDUs. However, at KwajaleinFort Pierce protocol was changed. Admiral Turner ordered daylight reconnaissance and CEC. ENS Lewis F. Luehrs and Seabee Chief William Acheson wore swim trunks under their fatigues anticipating they would not be able to get what the Admiral wanted by staying in the boat. They stripped down and spent 45 minutes in the water in broad daylight. When they got out they were taken directly to Admiral Turner'sflagship to report, still in their trunks. Admiral Turner concluded that daylight reconnaissance by individual swimmers was the way to get accurate information on coral and underwater obstacles for upcoming landings. This is what he reported to Admiral Nimitz.[25] The success of those UDT 1 Seabees not following Fort Pierce protocol rewrote the UDT mission model and training regimen.[26] Those Seabees also created the image of UDTs as the "naked warriors". AtEngebi CDR Brewster was wounded and all of the men with ENS Luehrs wore swim trunks under their greens.[20]
After the operations in theMarshall Islands, Admiral Turner restructured the two provisional UDT units and created 7 permanent units with an allotted size of 96 men per team. In the name of operational efficiency, the UDTs were also made an-all Navy outfit, and any Army and Marine corp engineers were returned to their units. Moving forward, the UDTs would employ the reconnaissance method made successful in Kwajalein – daytime use of swimsuits and goggles instead of the Scouts and Raiders method of nighttime rubber boats. In order to implement these changes and grow the UDTs, Koehler was made the commanding officer of the Naval Combat Demolition Training and Experimental Base on Maui. Admiral Turner also brought on LCDR Draper Kauffman as a combat officer.[24]
Seabees made up the vast majority of the men in teams 1–9, 13, and 15.[28][29] Seabees were roughly 20% of UDT 11.[28] The officers were mostly CEC.[30]At war's end 34 teams had been formed with teams 1–21 having actually been deployed. The Seabees provided over half of the men in the teams that saw service.
The UDT uniform had transitioned from the combat fatigues of the NCDUs to trunks,swimfins,diving masks andKa-bars. The men trained by the OSS had brought their swimfins with them when they joined the UDTs.[31] They were adopted by the other teams as quickly as Supply could get them.[31]
These "Naked Warriors", as they came to be called post-war, saw action in every major Pacificamphibious landing including:Eniwetok,Saipan,Kwajalein,Tinian,Guam,Angaur,Ulithi,Peleliu,Leyte,Lingayen Gulf,Zambales,Iwo Jima,Okinawa,Labuan, andBrunei Bay. By fall of 1944, the UDT's were considered an indispensable US military special operations unit, and Navy planners in the Central Pacific relied heavily on the UDT's reconnaissance reports and demolition activities to clear the way for landings.[24]
The last UDT operation of the war was on 4 July 1945 atBalikpapan,Borneo. The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each.[12] However, the UDTs were the only special troops that avoided complete disbandment after the war, unlike the OSS Maritime Unit, the VAC Recon Battalion, and several Marine recon missions.[24]
Because they were so integral to the success of missions in the Pacific during the war, the U.S. Navy did not publicize the existence of the UDTs until post-war.[32] During WWII the Navy did not have arating for the UDTs nor did they have an insignia. Those men with the CB rating on their uniforms considered themselves Seabees that were doing underwater demolition (Fig. 11). They did not call themselves "UDTs" or "Frogmen" but rather "Demolitioneers" which had carried over from the NCDUs[33] and Lt Cdr Kauffman's recruiting efforts from the Seabee dynamiting and demolition school. The next largest group of UDT volunteers came from the joint Army-NavyScouts and Raiders school that was also in Fort Pierce and theNavy's bomb disposal school in the Seabee-dominated teams.
For the Marianas operations of Kwajalein,Roi-Namur, Siapan, Tinian,Eniwetok, and Guam, Admiral Turner recommended sixty Silver Stars and over three hundredBronze Stars with Vs for the Seabees and other service members of UDTs 1–7[34] That was unprecedented in U.S. Naval/Marine Corps history.[34] For UDTs 5 and 7 every officer received a silver star and all the enlisted received bronze stars with Vs for Operation Forager (Tinian).[35] For UDTs 3 and 4 every officer received a silver star and all the enlisted received bronze stars with Vs for Operation Forager (Guam).[35] AdmiralRichard Lansing Conolly felt the commanders of teams 3 and 4 (LT Crist and LT W.G. Carberry) should have received Navy Crosses.
As the first to often make amphibious landings, the UDTs began making signs to welcome the Marines, indicating they had been there first, to foster the continued friendly rivalry. In keeping with UDT tradition, UDT 21 created a sign to greet the Marines landing in Japan. ForOperation Beleaguer UDT 9 was deployed with theIII Amphibious Corps to Northern China. In 1965 the UDT 12 put up another beach sign to greet the Marines atDa Nang.
Operation Crossroads UDT 3 was designated TU 1.1.3 for the operation. On 27 April 1946, seven officers and 51 enlisted embarked at CBC Port Hueneme, for transit to Bikini.[37] Their assignment was to retrieve watersamples fromground zero of the Baker blast.
TheKorean War began on 25 June 1950, when theNorth Korean army invadedSouth Korea. Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3, UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men. During the "Forgotten War" the UDTs fought intensely, employing demolition expertise gained from World War II and using it for an offensive role. Continuing to use water as cover and concealment as well as an insertion method, the Korean Era UDTs targeted bridges, tunnels, fishing nets, and other maritime and coastal targets. They also developed a close working relationship with theRepublic of KoreaUnderwater Demolitions Unit (predecessor to the Navy Special Warfare Flotilla), which continues today.[8]
Through their focused efforts on demolitions and mine disposal, the UDTs refined and developed their commando tactics during the Korean War. The UDTs also accompanied South Korean commandos on raids in the North to demolish train tunnels. This was frowned upon by higher-ranking officials because they believed it was a non-traditional use of Naval forces. Due to the nature of the war, the UDTs maintained a low operational profile. Some of the missions included transporting spies into North Korea and the destruction of North Korean fishing nets used to supply the North Korean Army.[8]
As part of the Special Operations Group, or SOG, UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast. The UDTs specialized in a somewhat new mission: Night coastal demolition raids against railroad tunnels and bridges. The UDT men were given the task because, in the words of UDT LT Ted Fielding, "We were ready to do what nobody else could do, and what nobody else wanted to do." (Ted Fielding was awarded the Silver Star during Korea, and was later promoted to the rank of Captain.)[38]
On 15 September 1950, UDTs supported Operation Chromite, the amphibious landing at Incheon. UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft, scouting mud flats, marking low points in the channel, clearing fouled propellers, and searching for mines. Four UDT personnel acted as wave-guides for the Marine landing. In October 1950, UDTs supported mine-clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers. On 12 October 1950, two U.S.minesweepers hit mines and sank. UDTs rescued 25 sailors. The next day, William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an "aqualung" when he dived onUSS Pledge. For the remainder of the war, UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance, infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea, continued mine sweeping operations and participated in Operation Fishnet, which devastated the North Koreans' fishing capability.[8]
PresidentJohn F. Kennedy, aware of the situation in Southeast Asia, recognized the need forunconventional warfare andspecial operations as a measure againstguerrilla warfare. In a speech toCongress on 25 May 1961, Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for theUnited States Army Special Forces. While his announcement of the government'splan to put a man on the moon drew most of the attention, in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare. Some people erroneously credit President Kennedy with creating the Navy SEALs. His announcement was actually only a formal acknowledgement of a process that had been underway since the Korean War.[39]
The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena. In March 1961,AdmiralArleigh Burke, theChief of Naval Operations, recommended the establishment ofguerrilla andcounter-guerrilla units. These units would be able to operate from sea, air or land. This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs. All SEALs came from the Navy'sUnderwater Demolition Teams, who had already gained extensive experience incommando warfare inKorea; however, the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy's amphibious force.[8]
The first two teams were formed in January 1962[40] and stationed on both US coasts: Team One atNaval Amphibious Base Coronado, in San Diego, California and Team Two atNaval Amphibious Base Little Creek, inVirginia Beach, Virginia. Formed entirely with personnel from UDTs, the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments.[12] Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas ashand-to-hand combat,high-altitude parachuting,demolitions, and foreign languages. The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs. Upon making it to a SEAL team, they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination (SBI) training class at Camp Kerry in theCuyamaca Mountains. After SBI training class, they would enter aplatoon and conduct platoon training.
According to founding SEAL team memberRoy Boehm, the SEALs' first missions were directed againstcommunist Cuba. These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in a prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island. On at least one occasion, Boehm and another SEAL had smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures ofSoviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside.[41]
ThePacific Command recognizedVietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs startedhydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, theMilitary Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed toSouth Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of trainingArmy of the Republic of Vietnamcommandos in the same methods they were trained themselves.
TheCentral Intelligence Agency began using SEALs incovert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were later involved in the CIA sponsoredPhoenix Program where it targetedVietcong (VC) infrastructure and personnel for capture and assassination.
The SEALs were initially deployed in and aroundDa Nang, training the South Vietnamese in combat diving, demolitions and guerrilla/anti-guerrilla tactics. As the war continued, the SEALs found themselves positioned in theRung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in theMekong Delta to fulfillriverine operations, fighting on the inland waterways.
Combat with the VC was direct. Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location, the SEALs operated close to their targets. Into the late 1960s, the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare, effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions. SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area. The VC referred to them as "the men with green faces," due to thecamouflageface paint the SEALs wore during combat missions.[42]
In February 1966, a small SEAL Team One detachment arrived in South Vietnam to conduct direct action missions. Operating fromNhà Bè Base, near the Rung Sat Special Zone, this detachment signalled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis. SEALs also served as advisors forProvincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lein Doc Nguio Nhia, the Vietnamese SEALs.[12]
SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos and covertly intoCambodia, controlled by theStudies and Observations Group. The SEALs from Team Two started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with ARVN Commandos. In 1967, a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo (Det Bravo) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units.
By 1970, PresidentRichard Nixon initiated a plan ofVietnamization, which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese. Conventional forces were being withdrawn; the last SEAL platoon left South Vietnam on 7 December 1971, and the last SEAL advisor left South Vietnam in March 1973. The SEALs were among the most highly decorated units for their size in the war, receiving by 1974 oneMedal of Honor, twoNavy Crosses, 42Silver stars, 402Bronze Stars, twoLegions of Merit, 352 Commendation Medals, and 51 Navy Achievement Medals[43] Later awards would bring the total to three Medals of Honor and five Navy Crosses. SEAL Team One was awarded three Presidential Unit Citations and one Navy Unit Commendation; SEAL Team Two received two Presidential Unit Citations.[44] By the end of the war, 48 SEALs had been killed in Vietnam, but estimates of their kill count are as high as 2,000. The Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce, Florida, displays a list of the 48 SEALs who lost their lives in combat during the Vietnam War.[45]
In 1974–1975, UDT-13 was redesignated; some personnel establishedUnderwater Construction Teams, and while others joined special boat detachments.[citation needed] On 1 May 1983, UDT–11 was redesignated as SEAL Team Five, UDT–21 was redesignated as SEAL Team Four, UDT–12 becameSEAL Delivery Vehicle Team One (SDVT–1), and UDT–22 was redesignated asSDVT-2. SEAL Team Three, was established 1 October 1983 in Coronado, California.United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM) was established in April 1987 and its Naval component,United States Naval Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM), also known as NSWC, was established at the same time.[46]
Both SEAL Team Four and SEAL Team Six, the predecessor toDEVGRU, participated in the US invasion of Grenada. The SEALs' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada's Governor-General, SirPaul Scoon, and the capture of Grenada's only radio tower. Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning. On 24 October 1983, twelve operators from SEAL Team Six and four Air Force Combat Control Team members (CCT) conducted a predawn combat airborne water insertion fromC-130 Hercules aircraft with Zodiac inflatable rubber boats 40 kilometers north of Point Salines, Grenada. The team inserted with full combat gear in bad weather with low visibility conditions and high winds. Four SEALs drowned and were never recovered. SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives. After digging in at the Governor's mansion, the SEALs realized they had forgotten to load theircryptographicsatellite phone. As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team, the SEALs' only radio ran out of battery power, and they used the mansion's land line telephone to call inAC-130 gunship fire support. The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Marines the following morning.
The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems. As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post. After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported byBTR-60 armored personnel carriers, the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable. They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces. After the enemy had given up their search, the SEALs, some wounded, swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance aircraft.
During the closing stages of theIran–Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in thePersian Gulf to protect US-flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces. A secret plan was put in place and dubbedOperation Prime Chance. Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units andEOD technicians were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from theArmy's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS (visit, board, search, and seizure) missions to counter Iranian mine-laying boats. The only loss of life occurred during the takedown of theIran Ajr. Evidence gathered on theIran Ajr by the SEALs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struckUSS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58). This chain of events led toOperation Praying Mantis, the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War.
During Operation Desert Shield and Storm, Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces. They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait, working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile. Using these new diving, swimming, and combat skills, these commandos took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city.
The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to Panama's invasion, codenamedOperation Just Cause. This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4, Naval Special Warfare Unit 8, and Special Boat Unit 26, all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2; and the separateNaval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU). DEVGRU fell under Task Force Blue, while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White. Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives: the destruction ofPanamanian Defense Forces (PDF) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction ofManuel Noriega's private jet at Paitilla Airport (collectively known asOperation Nifty Package), as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island.
The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War. Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs swam underwater into the harbor onDraeger LAR-Vrebreathers and attachedC-4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega's personal gunboat thePresidente Porras.
Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega's plane there. Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of theArmy Rangers. Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise, the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission. Almost immediately upon landing, the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield. Although Noriega's plane was eventually destroyed, the SEALs suffered four dead, including Chief Petty OfficerDonald McFaul, and thirteen wounded.
_team_members_wearing_chemical-biological_masks_train_in_the_Southern_California_desert_DN-ST-88-06287.jpg)
In August 1990, SEALs were the first western forces to deploy to thePersian Gulf as part ofOperation Desert Shield. They infiltratedKuwait the capital city within hours of the invasion and gathered intelligence and developed plans to rescue US embassy staff should they become hostages. SEALs were also the first to capture Iraqi Prisoners of War when they assaulted nine Kuwaiti Oil platforms on 19 January 1991. On 23 February 1991, a seven-man SEAL team launched a mission to trick the Iraqi military into thinking an amphibious assault on Kuwait by coalition forces was imminent by setting off explosives and placing marking buoys 500 meters off the Kuwaiti coast. The mission was a success and Iraqi forces were diverted east away from the true coalition offensive.[47] The SEALs were first into Kuwait City in theirDesert Patrol Vehicles when it was recaptured.[48]
On 6 December 1992, as part ofOperation Restore Hope, U.S. Navy SEALs and Special Boat crewmen from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began a three-day operation carrying out reconnaissance operations in the vicinity ofMogadishu airport and harbor; ahead of UNITAFs deployment to the country. They suffered only one casualty, who was injured by an IED.[49][50]
In August 1993 a four-person DEVGRU SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongsideDelta Force as part ofTask Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlordMohammed Farrah Aidid. They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October 'Battle of Mogadishu' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel. All four SEALs would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery while Navy SEALHoward E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle.[51]
In the immediate aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacks, Navy SEALs quickly dispatched toCamp Doha, and those already aboard U.S. Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conductingVBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carryingal Qaeda operatives. SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island ofMasirah for operations in Afghanistan. One of the SEALs' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conductspecial reconnaissance (SR) missions in the rough, landlocked terrain of Afghanistan. After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from theArmy Rangers also staging on Masirah, the SEALs entered Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would becomeCamp Rhino, as part ofOperation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan (OEF-A). These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL,Rear AdmiralAlbert Calland.
As part of the CJSOTF (Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force) under the command of GeneralTommy Franks atCENTCOM, SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Sword, which was established in early October 2001. It was ablack SOF (Special Operations Forces) unit under direct command ofJSOC. It was a so-called hunter-killer force whose primary objective was to capture or kill senior leadership and HVT within both al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Sword was initially structured around a two-squadron component of operators from Delta Force (Task Force Green) and DEVGRU (Task Force Blue) supported by a Ranger protection force team (Task Force Red), ISA signals intercept and surveillance operators (Task Force Orange) and the 160th SOAR (Task Force Brown).Task Force K-Bar was established on 10 October 2001, it was formed around a Naval Special Warfare Group consisting of SEALs from SEAL Teams 2, 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion,3rd SFG; the task force was led by SEAL CaptainRobert Harward.
The task force's principal task was to conduct SR andSSE missions in the south of the country. Other Coalition SOF-particularlyKSK,JTF2 andNew Zealand Special Air Service were assigned to the task force. As part of the JIATF-CT (Joint Interagency Task Force-Counterterrorism)—intelligence integration and fusion activity composed of personnel from all of Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan-participating units—SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Bowie, they were embedded in the task force in AFOs (Advanced Force Operations). The AFOs were 45-man reconnaissances units made up of Delta Force recce specialists augmented by selected SEALs fromDEVGRU and supported byISA's technical experts. The AFOs had been raised to support TF Sword and were tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield, working closely with the CIA and reported directly to Task Force Sword. The AFOs conducted covert reconnaissance—sending small two or three-man teams into al-Qaeda 'Backyard' along the border with Pakistan, the AFO operators would deploy observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers as well as environmental reconnaissance; much of the work was done on foot orATVs.[52]
SEALs were present at theBattle of Qala-i-Jangi in November 2001 alongside their counterparts from the BritishSBS. Chief Petty OfficerStephen Bass was awarded theNavy Cross for his actions during the battle.
Before the US Marines landed atCamp Rhino in November 2001, a SEAL recce team fromSEAL Team 8 conducted reconnaissance of the area, they were mistakenly engaged by orbitingAH-1W attack helicopters, but the SEALs managed to get a message through to the Marines before they suffered casualties.[53] The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days, after which twoUnited States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttimeHALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding inMarines from the15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established aforward operating base.
In January 2002, following theBattle of Tora Bora, another series of caves was discovered inZhawar Kili, just south ofTora Bora; airstrikes hit the sites before SOF teams were inserted into the area. A SEAL platoon from SEAL Team 3, including several of their Desert Patrol Vehicles, accompanied by a German KSK element, a Norwegian SOF team andJTF2 reconnaissance teams spent some nine days conducting extensive SSE, clearing an estimated 70 caves and 60 structures in the area, recovering a huge amount of both intelligence and munitions, but they didn't encounter any al-Qaeda fighters.[54] Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K-Bar, a joint special operations unit ofArmy Special Forces,United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams, and special operations forces from Norway, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Denmark. Task Force K-Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes near the city ofKandahar and surrounding territory, the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan. Over the course of six months, Task Force K-Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance.
In February 2002, while at Camp Rhino, theCIA passed on intelligence from aPredator drone operating in thePaktia province thatTaliban MullahKhirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy. SEALs and DanishJægerkorpset commandos boarded Air ForcePave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later.[55] The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground.
In March 2002, SEALs from DEVGRU, SEAL Teams 2, 3 and 8 participated extensively inOperation Anaconda. During what would become known as theBattle of Takur Ghar, whilst inserting from an MH-47E Chinook, PO1Neil Roberts from DEVGRU,[56] was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters. Roberts was subsequently killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour. Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller, Technical SergeantJohn Chapman, was killed. Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and anAir Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force.
_2nd_Class_Matthew_G._Axelson%2c_of_Cupertino%2c_Calif.%2c_taken_in_Afghanistan.jpg)
Later in 2002, CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broaderCJTF-180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF-A, it was built around an Army Special Forces Group (composed of soldiers from National Guard units) and SEAL teams. A small JSOC element (formerly Task Force Sword/11) not under direct CTJF command—embedded within CJSOFT, it consisted of a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command, and was not under direct ISAF command, although it operated in support of NATO operations.[57]
In June 2005, LieutenantMichael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded theMedal of Honor after his four-man reconnaissance counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out duringOperation Red Wings. After the four-man team lostDanny Dietz, he put himself in open view to call in the QRF. He soon after died from injuries sustained.Matthew Axelson also died on this operation. The QRF never reached the scene; it was struck by an RPG killing eight Navy SEALs and eightArmy Night Stalkers.Marcus Luttrell was the only survivor from this operation.
In early 2010, Brigadier GeneralScott Miller took command of CJSOTF-Afghanistan and assigned virtually all SOF in the theatre to a new counterinsurgency role that would become known as the ALP/VSO Program (Afghan Local Police/Village Stability Operations), the SOF in Afghanistan were organized into battalion level SOTF (Special Operations Task Forces) each with a geographic area of responsibility-the SEALs were given southeast Afghanistan. To increase security of their assigned VSO village, a SEAL Platoon inChora District,Uruzgan Province built a wall constructed of 500 metres (550 yd) ofHESCO barriers to divert insurgent movements away, this proved successful and eventually the Afghan villagers took ownership of it. SEALs and other SOTF still conducted Direct Action missions, but now partnered with Afghan forces.[59]
On 6 August 2011, seventeen U.S. Navy SEALs were killed when theirCH-47 Chinook helicopterwas shot down by anRPG fired byTaliban militants. The SEALs were en route to supportU.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in theTangi Valley. Fifteen of the SEALs belonged to theNaval Special Warfare Development Group.[60][61][62] Two others were SEALs assigned to a West Coast-based Naval Special Warfare unit.[60][63] A total of 30 Americans and eight Afghans were killed in the crash, making it the single largest loss of U.S. lives in the Global War on Terrorism.
On 16 August 2012, SEALs in Uruzgan Province conducted a joint operation into theShah Wali Kot Valley where they suffered the loss of a Black Hawk helicopter when it was struck by an insurgentRPG, the crash killed 11 servicemen (seven US and four Afghan).[64]
In December 2012, SEALs from DEVGRU rescued a US doctor who had been kidnapped a few days earlier. However, during the operation the unit suffered a fatality, Petty Officer 1st Class Nicolas D. Checque.[65] Senior ChiefEdward Byers, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during this mission.[66]
In May 2013, Rear AdmiralSean Pybus, commander of Navy Special Warfare stated that the unit would cut in half the number of SEAL platoons in Afghanistan by the end of 2013. Pybus also added that the unit is already "undergoing a transition back to its maritime roots" by placing more emphasis on sea-based missions after being involved in mostly landlocked missions since 2001.[67]
For the2003 invasion of Iraq, a squadron fromDEVGRU operated as part of Task Force 20. Their role was to conduct heliborne direct action raids, particularly against HVTs. The Naval Special Operations Task Group was assigned to Operation Iraqi Freedom, and was built around a core of SEAL Teams 8 and 10, PolishGROM,Royal Marines from40 and42 Commando under the command of3 Commando Brigade and attachedUS Psy Ops and civil affairs teams. The Naval Task Group was principally tasked with the capture of the port ofUmm Qasr, Iraq's only deep-water port; the oil pipeline facilities of theAl-Faw Peninsula; and the two off-shore platforms the pipelines fed. Once these initial target sets were secured, the Task Group would support conventional forces in the south, conducting reconnaissance and raiding activities. Aviation support was provided by both Marine air of the 15th MEU and20th Special Operations Squadron.[68]
Several days before the beginning of the invasion, two SDV teams were launched fromMark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf. Their objectives were thehydrographic reconnaissance of theAl Basrah (MABOT) and Khawr Al Amaya (KAAOT) Oil Terminals. After swimming under the terminals and securing theirMark 8 mod 1s, the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats.[47] On 20 March 2003, SEALs from SEAL Team 8 and 10 (31 SEALs, 2Navy EOD a USAF combat controller and several Iraqi interpreters) moved to seize the MABOT oil terminal whilst GROM operators assaulted the KAAOT Oil Terminals. The terminals were quickly seized with no casualties, and explosives which were found on the terminals were made safe by GROM operators.[69]
The shore-based pumping stations (known as MMS-Monitoring and Meter Stations) and their pipelines on theAl-Faw Peninsula wereseized by 12 SEALS from SEAL Team 3, who were mounted in DPVs. They took off from Kuwait and were inserted under Iraqi anti-aircraft fire by MH-53 helicopters. The target area was 'softened up' byJDAM bombs dropped fromB-52s on Iraqi bunkers, trenches and dugouts around the oil facilities. After a brief firefight in which the SEALs killed 1 Iraqi soldier and captured 13, the SEALs secured the MMS and the pipelines and were relieved by Royal Marines from 40 Commando. The SEALs advised the Marines, helping coordinateAC-130 Spectres fire support onto Iraqi forces. The other shore-based pumping station at Umm Qasr was secured by SEALs and Royal Marines; before they landed, AC-130 Spectres andA-10As engaged a nearbySAM installation and a responding Iraqi mechanized unit. The SEALs secured the facility itself whilst the Royal Marines cleared Iraqi bunkers, killing several Iraqi soldiers.[70][71][72]
Other Naval Task Group operations included elements of three SEAL platoons in GMV trucks and DPVs seizing the al Zubayr MMS, whilstI MEF attacked the Rumaylah Oil Fields north of al-Faw. SEALs andSpecial Boat teams helped secure the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr Az Zubyar waterways, which enabled humanitarian supplies to be delivered to the port of Umm Qasr. SEALs from the unit that secured the al-Faw MMS also conducted reconnaissance on the Shat Al Arab waterway, which was later secured by British forces. SEALs were also involved in various VBSS missions with British and Australian forces to seize Iraqi craft carrying seaborne mines.[47][72][73]
Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam, located 57 miles northeast of Baghdad, in an attempt to slow advancing US troops. In addition to restricting the manoeuvre of Coalition forces, the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area, as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life. A mixed team of SEALs from SEAL Team 5 and Polish GROM was called in to seize the dam. This force was flown several hours by six US Air ForceMH-53J Pave Lows; the force consisted of 20 SEALs (with an extra six SEAL snipers in one helicopter carrying the SEAL command and control element) and two EOD operators along with 35 GROM operators to the dam. The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counterattack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns. As in Al Faw, the SEALs found their DPVs (the SEAL unit at the al-Faw MMS lost all but two DPVs when they were bogged down in the oily mud) to be ineffective, and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq. The SEALs and GROM on foot fast-roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam. The minimal[clarification needed] Iraqi troops guarding the dam surrendered without a fight, and with the exception of a GROMsoldier who broke an ankle during the insertion, no casualties were sustained in the operation. After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives, the SEALs secured the dam and held it for five days until they were relieved by advancing elements of the US Army.[77]
During theBattle of Basra, SEALs along with theBrigade Reconnaissance Force and539 Assault Squadron RM attempted a waterborne approach toBasra via the Shatt al-Arab waterway but were intercepted byIranian Revolutionary Guard patrol craft and did not want to engage them so they withdrew. On 6 April 2003, after relocating further up the waterway they successfully infiltrated via the waterway, using SEAL UAVs they called in "show-of-force" and an airstrike by a USMCHarrier on Iraqi troops, the SEALs then headed to "Chemical Ali's" house with SSE teams to find traces of chemical weapons.[78] SEALs carried out missions aroundNasiriyah, carrying out reconnaissance on surrounding villages and engaging enemy strong points bypassed by the US Marine advance. Charlie Platoon, SEAL Team 3, later operated ahead of the Marine advance carrying out similar missions.[72] SEAL and GROM units continued to cooperate throughout the rest of the invasion phase, with raids and anti-sniper missions inBaghdad.[79]
Following the invasion, SEAL platoons rotated throughIraq, conducting overwatch for US and Iraqi patrols and directly mentoring local Iraqi forces; they also conducted surveillance and sniping missions into known trouble spots. In September 2004, a SEAL sniper element was tasked with establishing an overwatch and surveillance position overlookingHaifa Street, they were inserted byBradley IFVs from a unit of the9th Cavalry Regiment, however they were spotted and engaged by insurgents. The SEALs notified the Bradleys, they drove back, fired on the insurgents and set up a cordon for the SEALs to be extracted, one Bradley was destroyed by a car bomb, there were no casualties, and the SEALs were extracted.[80]
In the interim between the First Battle of Fallujah andSecond Battle of Fallujah, insurgents inFallujah knew that the coalition assault was inevitable and under the guidance of the influx of foreign fighters, began to build defensive networks throughout the city-ranging from fortified buildings, trench lines,berms, strategically placedcar bombs andIEDs. In preparations for the second battle, SEALs conducted reconnaissance near the berms and tested out reports that the insurgents were equipped with night-vision equipment, they proved this by throwing an infrared chemical light into the street which drew small arms fire. SEALs along with the5th SFG,Marine Force Recon andDet One and other JSOC elements were heavily involved in shaping operations prior to 7 NovemberD-DAY when coalition forces entered the city. The SOF shaping included sophisticated feints to mislead the insurgents as to the direction of the final assault, close target reconnaissance and direct-action missions where a logistics node or IED factory was targeted. When the offensive on the insurgents in the city began, many of the US Marine companies had SEAL sniper teams attached to them, mainly from SEAL Teams 3, 5 and 10.[81]
From 2005, SEALs were heavily committed to western Iraq inAl Anbar Governorate,AQI terrorists who escaped Fallujah had relocated toRamadi. A SEAL Task Unit was co-located with the Marines atAl Asad Airbase and sent elements to Ramadi andHabbaniyah, the SEALs were initially tasked with target development for the Marines and providing sniper overwatch for their patrols. The SEALs were already training an Iraqi Army unit in Habbaniyah, althoughFID was their main focus until later that year. A SEAL Task Unit generally comprised two individual SEAL Platoons: each Platoon was made up of seven-man squad elements commanded by ajunior officer, three of these Task Units (although a fourth was often added) along with a Special Boat Team detachment and a Headquarters Team (including integral intelligence, targeting and EOD personnel) made up a Naval Special Warfare Squadron. According toDick Couch, the SEALs began FID with two Iraqi units-the Army Scouts who conducted conventional reconnaissance missions, and the SMP (Special Missions Platoon), a locally formed unit that would later fight alongside the SEALs. Despite several challenges, the SEALs were soon conducted operations with partnered units, particularly in Special Reconnaissance, focusing on the surveillance aspect, whilst conventional US Army or Marines would conduct raids and arrests.[82] The typical loadout of the SEALs in Ramadi included the M4 carbine, optimized for close quarter battle with a 10-inch barrel equipped with a 6-inch sound suppressor, Surefire flashlight and EOTech sight, short barrel and foregrip and seven magazines.[83]
As the SEALs were beginning to make headway in Ramadi, AQI was starting to infiltrate the area by targeting localSheikhs and convincing them to allow jihadists to marry into local tribes, thus cementing their powerbase and Sheikhs that resisted these advances were met with typical AQI brutality. Al-Qaeda's efforts to install aSharia-style shadow government in Ramadi led to AQI's downfall-when in the first half of 2006, in the run-up to theSecond Battle of Ramadi SEALs, increasingly partnered with conventional forces of the1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division which was planning the offensive. SEALs along with the Scouts and SMP, would conduct reconnaissance, surveillance and sniper overwatch tasks; with their own targeting cell, they also began conducting raids on local insurgent leaders. The 1st BCT began the concerted offensive to clear Ramadi of AQI fighters; on 29 September 2006, whilst at a rooftop overwatch position, Petty OfficerMichael A. Monsoor died after leaping upon an enemy grenade during a rooftop firefight, two SEALs on the roof were badly wounded from the grenade fragments and their local Iraqi Scouts ran back into the cover of the building, a fourth SEAL (only lightly wounded), managed to radio his colleagues and get the Scouts to return fire. A SEAL element in a second overwatch position immediately ran through heavy fire to reach Monsoor (whom later died from his wounds in the back of a Bradley IFV) and the wounded SEALs, Monsoor was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the Silver Star. The advances by conventional forces and the SEALs in Ramadi, combined with the brutal tactics of AQI, helped to increase recruitment in a local police initiative-the programme was designed to bring the local Sheikhs' militias into the Iraqi Security Forces. These volunteers would serve locally in their communities to defend them against al-Qaeda, a month after the kidnapping and murder of Sheikh Khalid by AQI (which proved to be the tipping point), the Sheikhs signed a declaration agreeing to fight AQI and by the closing of 2006, even former insurgents were joining the local police (later known as theAnbar Awakening) by the end of the battle, some 1,100 terrorists were killed.[84]
In Fallujah, the SEAL Task Unit were also heavily involved in fighting. In one joint operation to capture an AQI leader, they entered the target building and were engaged resulting in an Iraqi Scout being killed and a SEAL severely wounded, two SEALs returned fire and entered the building, both SEALs entered different rooms, in one room the SEAL encountered three insurgents who opened fired at close range, another SEAL across the hallway was struck in the head and killed, the SEAL in the room with the insurgents killed all three.[85]
In September 2009, in a nighttime raid in Fallujah, SEALs capturedAhmad Hashim Abd al-Isawi (nicknamed the "Butcher of Fallujah"), a prominent al-Qaeda terrorist who was the mastermind behind the2004 Fallujah ambush. Al-Isawai made accusations of mistreatment while in custody, and testified in April 2010 at the ensuingcourts-martial against three SEALs (all of whom were acquitted).[86][87][88] Iraqi authorities later tried and executed al-Isawi byhanging at some point before November 2013.[89]
SEALs remained employed throughout the Iraqi Campaign as Task Units or Task Elements until its close in 2011.
OEF-P was established in 2002 to conduct long-term partnered operations with both Philippine Army special operations and intelligence units, as well as police units, to counter the threat posed by theASG andJI terrorist groups. Much of this work has been assigned to 1st SFG; SEALs andUSAF Special Operations who have also had a long-term presence in the Philippines. There are few confirmed operational details about the SEALs and Green Berets conducting partnered operations, although elements are partnered with Philippine Army and SOF; there have been mentions of Green Berets and SEALs wounded. On 21 June 2002, SEALs inRIBs supported thePhilippine Naval Special Operations Group in the operation that killedAbu Sabaya, a senior leader in the ASG. A US Predator UAV marked the HVT with an infrared laser as he tried to escape in a smugglers boat; the MH-47Es from the 160th SOAR used search lights mounted on their helicopters to pinpoint the target's boat while operators from the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group opened fire on the boat killing the terrorist leader and capturing four other terrorists with him.[90]
As part of OEF-HOA, Naval Special Warfare Unit 10 are deployed toCamp Lemonnier,Djibouti, under the command of SOCCE-HOA (Special Operations Command and Control Element-Horn of Africa) which commands allSOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region. Special operations carried out in Somalia are conducted under the codename: Operation Octave Dune, as part of the overall effort in Somalia, which is known as Operation Octave Shield.[91]
BeforeDjibouti became the epicentre for counter terrorism operations in Africa, unilateral operations were launched from temporary forward locations in friendly nations such as Kenya, or from US Navy ships. The earliest known operation in Somalia was known as Operation Cobalt Blue: In 2003, SEALs usingSEAL Delivery Vehicles swam ashore along the Somali coastline and emplaced covert surveillance cameras. Known as cardinals, the cameras were designed to watch likely target locations for wanted terrorists as al-Qaeda and its affiliates began to regroup in the country, however the cameras only took one image a day and captured very little.[92]
CJSOTF-HOA (Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Horn of Africa) developed a rescue plan called Operation Mystic Talon, in case any CIA SAD or ISA operators were captured in the region, the plan required a SEAL platoon with Air Force Special Operations assets that, if necessary, would fight their way into Somalia, recover the hostage and fight their way out, should a mission need to be launched before a dedicated JSOC task force could be deployed to the region.[93]
On 12 April 2009, in response to a hostage taking incident off the coast ofSomalia bySomalian pirates, three Navy SEALs fromDEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage, CaptainRichard Phillips, of the freighter shipMaersk Alabama. The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behindUSS Bainbridge when each of the pirates were killed by a differentDEVGRU sniper with a single shot to the head.[94]
In the early morning of 2 May 2011local time, a team of Navy SEALs of theNaval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU), previously called "SEAL Team 6",[95] along with aBelgian MalinoisMilitary Working Dog (named "Cairo"), supported bySpecial Activities Division officers on the ground, killedOsama bin Laden inAbbottabad, Pakistan about 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad in aCIA operation.[96][97] PresidentBarack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden, but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU, saying only that a "small team" of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden.[96] The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community, particularly thecounter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6.The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name "SEAL Team 6" the day after the raid.[98] The official name of the military operation wasOperation Neptune Spear. The model of the compound used in the60 Minutes documentary was donated by CBS to theNavy SEAL Museum.[99]
On 16 March 2014, thirty U.S. Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 2 took control ofMV Morning Glory, a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel-held port inLibya. The raid by Navy SEALs took place in international waters off the coast of Cyprus; the raid was a success, preventing a Libyan splinter militia group selling nationalized Libyan oil on the black market.[100][101]
As part ofOperation Inherent Resolve's Iraq Campaign, there are at least 100 SEALs as part of a Special Operations advise and assist mission toPeshmerga andIraqi Security Forces in combatingISIS. The Navy SEAL operation in northern Iraq is called Task Force Trident.[102] On 3 May 2016, Petty Officer 1st ClassCharles Keating IV was killed by ISIS small arms fire near the town ofTel Skuf during an ISIS assault on a Peshmerga position. He was a member of a 20-man Quick Reaction Force (QRF)[102] sent to rescue a dozen U.S. advisors at the position and temporarily assist the Peshmerga. Keating IV was awarded theNavy Cross, posthumously, for his actions.[103][104][105]
Before getting accepted into Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training, a prospective candidate must pass a certain number of both mental and physicalrequirements.[106] These tests include: Pre-enlistment medical screening,ASVAB, AFQT, C-SORT, and PST. Then, the candidate must get a SEAL contract by passing the SEAL Physical Screening Test: 500-yard swim in 12:30, 50 push-ups in 2 minutes, 50 sit-ups in 2 minutes, 10 consecutive pull-ups in 2 minutes, and a 1.5-mile run in 10:30. Candidates receiving a passing score may then be admitted into training to become Navy SEALs.[107] SEAL training is extremely rigorous. The attrition rate fluctuates, but averages at about 80 percent.[108]
The average candidate spends more than a year in a series of formal training courses before being awarded theSpecial Warfare Operator Naval Rating and theNavy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or, in the case of commissioned naval officers, the designation Naval Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer.
Navy SEAL training pipeline:
Upon graduation from SQT, trainees receive the U.S. Navy SEAL Trident, designating them as Navy SEALs. They are subsequently assigned to a SEAL Team or SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Team and begin 18 months of predeployment training before they are considered deployable. This training consists of:[110][111]
Those enlisted SEALs with a medical rating will first attend the Special Operations Combat Medic Course for 6 months in Fort Bragg, North Carolina[113] before joining a team in order to become a SEAL/Special Operator Corpsman. Those pursuing officer positions first attend the Junior Officer Training Course (JOTC) to learn about operations planning and how to perform team briefings. In total it can take over two-and-a-half years to completely train a Navy SEAL for his first deployment.[110][111]
Until December 2015, female sailors were barred from becoming Navy SEALs by naval regulation; however, this prohibition no longer exists. As early as August 2015, it was reported that the "Navy is planning to open its elite SEAL teams to women who can pass the grueling training regimen."[114] In that same month, Admiral Jon Greenert, the Chief of Naval Operations at the time, said that "he and the head of Naval Special Warfare Command, Rear AdmiralBrian Losey, believe that if women can pass the legendary six-monthBasic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training, they should be allowed to serve."[114] On 3 December 2015, it was announced that there are now "no exceptions" to all military roles in the U.S., and women can become U.S. Navy SEALs.[115]
Since the Navy opened up special warfare jobs to female sailors in 2016, 18 women have attempted to passSpecial Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) and SEAL training.[116]
The Washington Examiner reported on 10 August 2017: "A woman aiming to become the first female Navy SEAL officer quit about a week into the initial training".[117]
In 2019, the Navy announced that an unnamed female officer was the first to successfully complete the SEAL Officer Assessment and Selection program (SOAS). She was one of a group of five female candidates to enter the program. She opted not to start BUD/S afterwards, instead choosing another assignment in the Navy.[118][119]
In December 2016, the SEALs halted all training and ordered a safety stand-down because of substance abuse within its ranks.[120] As part of the safety stand-down, all SEALs were required to submit to urinalysis.[120] In August 2019, a review of the culture ofSpecial Operations Command was ordered following cases of misconduct involving the SEALS, which included substance abuse by members of SEAL Team 10 and allegations of sexual assault and intoxication by a SEAL platoon in Iraq.[121]
In 2021, SEAL team members appeared on CBS concealing their identities out of concern for retribution. They alerted the public to a culture of lawlessness, misconduct, and war crimes within their ranks.[122]
TheCIA's highly secretive and eliteSpecial Operations Group (SOG) recruits operators from SEAL Teams,[123] with joint operations going back to theMACV-SOG during theVietnam War.[124] This cooperation still exists today, as evidenced bymilitary operations inIraq andAfghanistan.[125][126]
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The total number of personnel, including SEALs andSWCCs assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 8,195 out of a total 8,985 military staff, and 10,166 including civilian support staff, as of 2015.[127]
Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration:[128]
Deactivated Groups:
The original SEAL Teams were separated between West Coast (Team One) and East Coast (Team Two) SEALs. Likewise current SEAL Teams are organized into two groups: Naval Special Warfare Group One (West Coast) and Naval Special Warfare Group Two (East Coast), both of which come under the command ofNaval Special Warfare Command atNAB Coronado, California. As of 2006[update], there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams. The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10. The most recent active-duty teams are SEAL Team 7 and SEAL Team 10, which were formed in March and April 2002, respectively.[135][136] However, tworeservist support teams were reorganized into SEAL teams in 2008.[134][137][non-primary source needed]
The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world. Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force (JTF) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) as a Special Operations Task Force (SOTF).
Each SEAL Team (or "squadron") is commanded by a Navycommander (O-5), and has eight operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element. Operationally, the "Team" is divided into two to four 40-man "task units" (or "troops"). Each task unit consists of a headquarters element consisting of a task unit commander, typically alieutenant commander (O-4), a task unit senior enlisted (E-8), a targeting/operations officer (O-2/3) and a targeting/operations leading/chief petty officer (E-6/7). Under the HQ element are two to four SEAL platoons of 16 men (two officers and 14 enlisted SEALs, and sometimes assigned non-NSW support personnel); a company-sized combat service support (CSS) and/or combat support (CS) consisting ofstaff N-codes (the Army and Marine Corps use S-codes); N1 Administrative support, N2 Intelligence, N3 Operations, N4 Logistics, N5 Plans and Targeting, N6 Communications, N7 Training, and N8 Air/Medical.
Each 16-man platoon can be task organized for operational purposes into two eight-man squads, four four-man fire teams, or eight two-man sniper/reconnaissance teams. The size of each SEAL "Team", or "squadron", with two to four task units (containing a total of eight platoons) and support staff is approximately 300 personnel. The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC (officer in charge), usually a lieutenant (O-3), a platoon chief (E-7/E-8), and two squads commanded by a LTJG (O-2) and a squad leader (E-6). The remaining members of the squad are operators (E-4 to E-6) with their specialty skills in ordnance, communications, diving, and medical. The core leadership in the troop and platoon are the commander/OIC and the senior enlisted NCO (Senior Chief/chief).
Platoon core skills consist of: Sniper, Breacher, Communicator, Maritime/Engineering, Close Air Support, Corpsman, Point-man/Navigator, Primary Driver/Navigator (Rural/Urban/Protective Security), Heavy Weapons Operator, Sensitive Site Exploitation, Air Operations Master, Lead Climber, Lead Diver/Navigator, Interrogator, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Technical Surveillance, and Advanced Special Operations.
Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, anaval base inVirginia Beach, Virginia, is home to SEAL Teams 2, 4, 8, 10, and 18.Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, a naval base inCoronado, California, is home to SEAL Teams 1, 3, 5, 7, and 17. There are also twoSEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) units, SDVT-1 and SDVT-2, located inPearl Harbor, Hawaii andLittle Creek, Virginia, respectively.[138] SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability. An SDVplatoon consists of 12–15 SEALs.
| Insignia | Team | Deployment | Number of platoons | HQ | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | SEAL Team 1 | Worldwide | 8 platoons | Coronado, California | |
 | SEAL Team 2 | Worldwide | 8 platoons | Virginia Beach, Virginia | |
 | SEAL Team 3 | Middle East | 8 platoons | Coronado, California | |
 | SEAL Team 4 | Worldwide | 8 platoons | Virginia Beach, Virginia | |
 | SEAL Team 5 | Worldwide | 8 platoons | Coronado, California | |
 | Naval Special Warfare Development Group (SEAL Team 6) | Worldwide | Classified | Virginia Beach, Virginia | SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987.[citation needed] The Navy then established theNaval Special Warfare Development Group, also known as DEVGRU. While DEVGRU is administratively supported byNaval Special Warfare Command, they are operationally under the command of theJoint Special Operations Command. |
 | SEAL Team 7 | Worldwide | 8 platoons | Coronado, California | |
 | SEAL Team 8 | Worldwide | 8 platoons | Virginia Beach, Virginia | |
 | SEAL Team 10 | Middle East | 8 platoons | Virginia Beach, Virginia | |
| SEAL Team 17 | Worldwide Reserve | 2 platoons | Coronado, California | Formerly Operational Support Team 1 | |
| SEAL Team 18 | Worldwide Reserve | 2 platoons | Virginia Beach, Virginia | Formerly Operational Support Team 2 | |
 | SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 | Indian and Pacific Oceans, Middle East[139] | 4 platoons | Pearl Harbor, Hawaii[139] | |
 | SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2 | Atlantic Ocean, Europe and the Americas[139] | 4 platoons | Virginia Beach, Virginia[139] |
The Special Warfare Operator rating (SO) and Special Warfare Boat Operator rating (SB), were established in 2006.[140] Special Warfare Operators (SEALs) and Special Warfare Boat Operators (SWCCs) are no longer required to maintain the original rating they qualified in upon joining the Navy.[141][142]
The following ratings are specific to Navy SEALs:[143][144][145]
| Navy rating | Abbreviation | Pay grade | Special warfare rating | Abbreviation | Rank insignia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Master chief petty officer | MCPO | E-9 | Master chief special warfare operator | SOCM |  |
| Senior chief petty officer | SCPO | E-8 | Senior chief special warfare operator | SOCS |  |
| Chief petty officer | CPO | E-7 | Chief special warfare operator | SOC |  |
| Petty officer first class | PO1 | E-6 | Special warfare operator, first class | SO1 |  |
| Petty officer second class | PO2 | E-5 | Special warfare operator, second class | SO2 |  |
| Petty officer third class | PO3 | E-4 | Special warfare operator, third class | SO3 |  |
The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team (NPT) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations.[146] The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen-man team composed of U.S. Navy SEALs. Each member comes to the team for a three-year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts. On completion of the tour, members return to operational units.[147] The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows. The Team initially consisted of five jumpers:LCDR Olson,PHC Gagliardi,SK2 "Herky" Hertenstein,PR1 Al Schmiz andPH2 "Chip" Maury. Schmiz and Maury were members of the original "Chuting Stars."[148] When LCDR Olson was transferred to California, PHC Gene "Gag" Gagliardi (D 546) of UDT Eleven introduced him to the local jumping elite with the San Diego Skydivers, one of the nation's first sports parachuting clubs. He convinced the Commander Naval Operations Support Group, PACIFIC to create a small demonstration team consisting of a cadre of highly qualified freefall jumpers. Its activities were to be conducted on a "not to interfere" basis with other military duties and at no cost to the government, other than utilizing normally scheduled aircraft. This group eventually adopted the "Leap Frogs" name.[148]
The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States. The East Coast-based "Chuting Stars" were disbanded in the 1980s with the "Leap Frogs" taking on all official parachute demonstrations within the Navy.
A typical Leap Frogs' performance consists of six jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 6,000 feet. After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers, the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy-relative work formations. After performances, the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community, as well as to sign autographs.
From its predecessors, theUnderwater Demolition Teams, to its current form, the SEALs have influenced the training and formation of several foreign units. In 1955, the Underwater Demolition Teams provided funding and training for theRepublic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla, who are also known as UDT/SEALs. This was followed in 1956 by providing funding, training and formation of thePhilippine Navy Underwater Operations Team (UOT), patterned on the training and implementation of the US Navy SEALs and the UDTs. In 1966, United States Navy SEALs established Pakistan'sSpecial Service Group based on a mutual security understanding and the training provided under theIMET program until the 1970s.[149] U.S. Navy SEALs provided initial training to the Indian Marine Special Force, which later became known as theMARCOS.[150]
Due to their reputation as being one of America's premier special operations forces, SEALs (particularly operators fromDEVGRU) will often do exchanges with allied SOFs.[72][151][152]
TheNational Navy UDT-SEAL Museum, inFort Pierce, Florida, was founded in 1985[153] and was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress.[154] The museum is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors. The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen. There through World War II, thousands of service members were trained as members ofNaval Combat Demolition Units andUnderwater Demolition Teams. The Museum houses rare historical artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day, including weapons, vehicles, equipment, and most recently added, theMaersk Alabama lifeboat aboard whichSomali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage.
According to the Navy SEAL Museum, 298 UDT and SEALs were killed in action and died during training accidents as of March 2018:[155]
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