39°53.501′0″N75°10.232′0″W / 39.89168°N 75.17053°W /39.89168; -75.17053
| Naval Aircraft Factory | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view of the NAF | |
 Insignia of the NAF | |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1917 |
| In use | 1917–1945 (1945) |
| Battles/wars | World War I World War II |
TheNaval Aircraft Factory (NAF) was established by theUnited States Navy in 1918 inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. It was created to help solve aircraft supply issues which theNavy Department faced upon the entry of the U.S. intoWorld War I. TheUnited States Army’s requirements for an enormous quantity of airplanes created a decided lack of interest among aircraft manufacturers in the Navy's requirements for a comparatively small quantity of aircraft. The Navy Department concluded that it was necessary to build a Navy-owned aircraft factory in order to assure a part of its aircraft supply; to obtain cost data for the department’s guidance in its dealings with private manufacturers; and to have under its own control a factory capable of producing experimental designs.
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On 27 July 1917Secretary of the NavyJosephus Daniels approved the construction of the Naval Aircraft Factory as a means for the government to promote industry efficiency, ensure engineering expertise, and to monitor costs. The contract was let on 6 August 1917, and ground was broken four days later. The main assembly building, Number 59, was completed by 28 November 1917. Work started on the first order, received 8 days before, for the construction of 50H-16 patrol aircraft. By the end of the year, the work force numbered more than 700, under the management of Lieutenant Commander Fred G. Coburn.[1]
An additional order for 100 H-16s was placed in February 1918. The increased need for flying boat construction duringWWI meant expanding the factory into a final aircraft assembly plant, using civilian subcontractors to supply the components. Building 77, the main assembly building, was completed in August, measuring 100 feet wide, 680 feet long, and 51 feet in height. Building 75, a three-story office building, and Building 76, a six-story storehouse were added so that the NAF occupied 41 acres by September 1918. By the end of 1918, the NAF employed 3,640 workers, including 890 women.[1]: 20, 24–25, 31
On 27 March 1918, the first H-16 built by the NAF was successfully flown,[1]: 22 just 228 days after ground breaking and 151 days from receipt of drawings. On 2 April the first two NAF-built H-16s were shipped to the patrol station atRNAS Killingholme, England. After World War I, when the1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system came into effect, the second letter of the codes designating the manufacturer appropriately specified the latter N for all airframe designs coming from the Naval Aircraft Factory.
Between July 1917 and November 1918, the end of WWI, the NAF built 137 H-16s, 31F-5-Ls, 4N-1 Davis Gun Carriers, 17 sets of spares for the H-16 and 8 sets of spares for the F-5-L. In 1919, construction started on 80MFs and 20 VE-7s. In 1920, construction began on 36 ofGrover Loening's M-81s, 6Navy-Curtiss flying boats, and 4TFs. In 1921, construction began on15 PT-1s and 18 PT-2s.[1]: 39, 41–48
In 1922, full-scale production of outside designs ended, and the NAF began concentrating on the testing and evaluation of aircraft, including both the modification to outside types and all-new in-house designs. Successful designs were then turned over to industry for production. The change in focus resulted in the disuse of some production buildings, which were converted into storage depots for unused aircraft.[2] In 1922-1923, the NAF fabricated theUSSShenandoah (ZR-1), although final assembly took place atNaval Air Station Lakehurst,New Jersey, where the onlyhangar in the United States large enough to house theairship was located.[3][1]: 56–59
The NAF was a major parachute production center in the 1930s and 1940s, producing 30,000 in WWII. The NAF also worked onaircraft catapults andarresting gear starting in 1921.[1]: 155, 162–185, 338–337
In the 1934 under the Vinson-Trammell Act (co-sponsored byCarl Vinson), it was decided that the Navy would build 10% of its own aircraft to stay abreast of modern manufacturing techniques and costs. The NAF thus resumed large-scale aircraft production in 1936 on introduction of theN3Nbiplanetrainer aircraft. In 1937, the NAF received orders to manufacture 44SON-1 scout observation aircraft, and in 1938, 30SBN-1s. In July 1941, the NAF was ordered to build 156PBN-1 Nomad patrol flying boats. In 1942, the NAF delivered the first of eventually 300OS2N-1s.
In 1941 the NAF spun off theAviation Supply Office, and in 1942 the NAF became theNaval Air Material Center. On 11 March 1942 AdmiralHarold Rainsford Stark wrote "It is desired to proceed immediately with the steps necessary to adapt the 'drone' for warfare." Then, on 3 April 1942, an order was placed for the NAF to build 100TDN-1s. In 1943, work began onProject Gorgon, aturbo-jet-powered missile.
The NAF ended aircraft production with the end ofWorld War II in 1945.[4][1]: 118–122, 127–139, 147–148, 237–238, 260–263, 273–284, 336–337 Peak factory employment of 13,400 workers was achieved in June 1943, during WWII.[1]: xiii, 210 In 1967, the NAF's aero engine research merged with theNaval Air Propulsion Test Center. Located at thePhiladelphia Naval Shipyard, onLeague Island, the main construction building still exists but was converted for use by theNaval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division as a facility for research and development.
