| Naval Air Station Keflavik | |||||||||||||||
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| NearReykjanesbær,Southern Peninsula in Iceland | |||||||||||||||
 A view of the U.S. Naval Air Station Keflavik, 19 August 1982. | |||||||||||||||
| Site information | |||||||||||||||
| Type | Naval Air Station | ||||||||||||||
| Owner | Icelandic Government | ||||||||||||||
| Operator | United States Navy | ||||||||||||||
| Controlled by | Navy Region Europe, Africa, Central | ||||||||||||||
| Condition | Decommissioned | ||||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||||
  NAS Keflavik Location in Iceland | |||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 63°59′06″N22°36′20″W / 63.98500°N 22.60556°W /63.98500; -22.60556 | ||||||||||||||
| Site history | |||||||||||||||
| Built | 1951 (1951) | ||||||||||||||
| In use |
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| Airfield information | |||||||||||||||
| Identifiers | IATA: KEF,ICAO: BIKF,WMO: 040180 | ||||||||||||||
| Elevation | 51.5 metres (169 ft)AMSL | ||||||||||||||
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| Airfield shared withKeflavík International Airport Source: Iceland Aeronautical Information Publication[1] | |||||||||||||||
Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) was aUnited States Navy air station atKeflavík International Airport,Iceland, located on theReykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. NASKEF was closed on 8 September 2006 and its facilities were taken over by theIcelandic Defence Agency as their primary base (from 2011 the agency was handed over to theIcelandic Coast Guard).[2] Since decommissioning, the air station site was handed over to the Icelandic government, and has since been redeveloped as housing and commercial development under theKadeco company.[3]
The base was built duringWorld War II by theUnited States Army as part of itsmission to maintain the defense of Iceland and secure northern Atlantic air routes. It served to ferry personnel, equipment, and supplies to Europe. Intended as a temporary wartime base under an agreement with Iceland and the British, U.S. forces withdrew by 1947 but returned in 1951 as theIceland Defense Force resident on aNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) base. The base was regularly visited by the American military and other NATO allies for military exercises,NATO Air Policing, and other tasks.
Parts ofKeflavík Airport remain in military use forNATO.[4] In 2017, the United States announced its intention to modify the largest hangar on the Icelandic base in order to house the newBoeing P-8 PoseidonASW aircraft being introduced for short duration/expeditionary detachments.[5][6]
After being granted self-governance byDenmark in 1918 with the signing of the 25-yearDanish-Icelandic Act of Union, Iceland followed a policy of strict neutrality in international affairs. In 1939, with war imminent in Europe, theGerman Reich pressed for landing rights forDeutsche Luft Hansa's aircraft for alleged trans-Atlantic flights. The Icelandic government turned them down.[citation needed]
A British request to establish bases in Iceland for the protection of the vitalNorth Atlantic supply lines after German forcesoccupied Denmark and Norway in April 1940 was also turned down in accordance with the neutrality policy. In response, on 10 May 1940 the people ofReykjavík awoke to the sight of aBritish invasion force. The government of Iceland protested the invasion but asked the populace to treat the occupying force as guests. This constituted the beginning of theallied occupation of Iceland.
Following talks between British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill and PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, Iceland agreed to a tripartite treaty under whichUnited States Marines were to relieve the British garrison in Iceland on the condition that all military forces be withdrawn from Iceland immediately upon the conclusion of the war in Europe. In addition to their defense role, U.S. forces constructed the Keflavik Airport as a refueling point for aircraft deliveries and cargo flights to Europe[citation needed].
The airport was built by theUnited States military duringWorld War II, as a replacement for a small Britishlanding strip atGarður to the north. It consisted of two separate two-runway airfields, built simultaneously just 4 km apart.Patterson Field in the south-east opened in 1942 despite being partly incomplete. It was named after a young pilot who died in Iceland.Meeks Field to the north-west opened on 23 March 1943. It was named after another young pilot, George Meeks, who died on theReykjavík airfield. Patterson Field was closed after the war, but Meeks Field and the adjoining structures were returned to Iceland's control and renamed Naval Air Station Keflavik after the nearby town of Keflavík. In 1951, the U.S. military returned to the airport under a defense agreement between Iceland and the U.S. signed on 5 May 1951.[7]
With the end of the war in Europe, Keflavik Airport became a transit point for aircraft returning from theEuropean Theater of Operations to the United States. With American air activities greatly reduced in Europe in the immediate postwar months, U.S. flying operations were similarly reduced in preparation for transfer of the base to the Icelandic government at the end of 1946. With all noncritical surplus equipment and supplies disposed of, all U.S. air activity ended at the airfield on 11 March 1947.
Another agreement signed between the United States and Iceland in 1946 permitted continued use of the base by the United States. The United States provided all the maintenance and operation of the airport through an American civilian contractor.American Overseas Airlines, followed by Airport Overseas Corporation personnel, operated the military portion of Keflavik Airport after its reversion to Icelandic control at the end of March 1947.
In 1949, Iceland voted to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) amongprotests about the US militarizing the country, and the base assumed the status of significant strategic importance in theCold War. Though reluctant to sanction the stationing of foreign troops in significant numbers on their soil, Icelandic officials decided in light of the fact they had no standing army to speak of, that membership in NATO alone was not a sufficient defense; and at the request of NATO, Iceland entered into a defense agreement with the United States directly[citation needed]. This was the beginning of the Iceland Defense Force. Over the next four decades, the Defense Force was "at the front" of the Cold War and was credited[by whom?] with playing a significant role in deterrence.[citation needed]
On 25 May 1951 theUnited States Air Force (USAF) reestablished its presence at Keflavik Airport with the stationing of the 1400th Air Base Group. Jurisdiction of the airport was assumed byMilitary Air Transport Service (MATS). MATS re-established a military air terminal and refueling point for trans-Atlantic air service between the United States and Europe at Keflavik. MATS (laterMilitary Airlift Command andAir Mobility Command) units remained at the airport until the withdrawal of United States military units from Iceland in 2006.
During 1947–51, while the base was operated by a U.S. civilian contractor company most of the World War II temporary structures were left empty and became badly deteriorated. The airfield complex, one of the largest in the world during the war, also required upgrading to accommodate modern aircraft. The contractor had extended one runway, constructed a new passenger terminal and hotel building, one aircraft hangar, a hospital, housing units and other facilities for the staff. But this was insufficient for the new Defense Force, so additional facilities had to be provided quickly. A crash reconstruction program was initiated and temporary housing was erected during the construction of permanent housing. The airfield was extended by theNello L. Teer Company[8] and two new aircraft hangars were constructed. Most of this work was completed by 1957.
Soon after the return of U.S. forces to Keflavik.Air Defense Command (ADC) established a temporary radar station at the airport, equipped with World War II-eraAN/TPS-1 and AN/TPS-3A radars that operated until a permanent radar station could be constructed at nearbyRockville AS.[citation needed]
Between 1952 and 2006,Air Forces Iceland provided air defense for Iceland, operated Keflavik Airport, and furnished base support for all U.S. military forces in Iceland participating in its defense under NATO. Also Air Force component of NATOIceland Defense Force.
ADC, later renamed Aerospace Defense Command used the facility for air surveillance of Iceland and the North Atlantic, employingF-102 Delta Dagger and thenF-4C Phantom II fighters as interceptors. Over 1,000 intercepts ofSoviet aircraft took place inside Iceland's militaryair defense identification zone (ADIZ).[citation needed]
TheUnited States Navy assumed the responsibility of running the air station from MATS in 1961.[citation needed]
In 1974, the left-wing Government of Iceland's new proposal to close the base triggered a petition that garnered 55,000 signatures, about a quarter of the population of the entire nation. This led to the ruling coalition collapsing and the1974 Icelandic parliamentary election being held.[9]
NAVFAC Keflavik, located some 10 km (6 mi) from NASKEF, was a known main monitoring site of theSOSUS submarine detection network.Submarine cables emanated from NAVFAC Keflavik to theFaroe Islands andGreenland to monitor theGIUK gap, including fromHofn Air Station.[10] The system was inaugurated in 1966 and decommissioned in 1996.[11]
Keflavik was also a part ofDistant Early Warning Line (DEW) as an entry point of communications.Rockville Air Station, some 7 km (5 mi) from NASKEF was aradar monitoring facility andtropospheric scatter communications site.
In 1966, a separate facility at NAVFAC Keflavik would be established asDYE-5, as the entry point for DEW communications with a largertropospheric scatter antenna system as part of theNorth Atlantic Radio System (NAVFAC KEF known asSite 41), later part of transatlantic section of theACE High System.[12]
The tropospheric antennas at NAVFAC Keflavik connected toDYE-4 at Kulusuk andHofn Air Station (Site 42) toSornafelli (Site 43),Faroe islands.[13]
On 1 October 1979Tactical Air Command (TAC) absorbed ADC's assets, and the F-4E Phantom II aircraft of the57th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (57 FIS). In July 1985,F-15Cs and F-15Ds replaced the aging F-4s, and the tail code "IS" was assigned to Air Forces Iceland (AFI).[citation needed]
During the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, Keflavik also hosted rotationalE-3 SentryAWACS aircraft andKC-135 Stratotanker aircraft fromCONUS to support the air defense mission and rotationalHC-130 Hercules aircraft fromRAF Woodbridge from the67th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron to support their detachment of Keflavik-basedHH-3 Jolly Green Giant and laterHH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters in their search and rescue mission.
Beginning in 1984, the932d Air Control Squadron established a Radar Operations Control Center at Keflavik which coordinated the 57th FIS interceptors to contacts passing through theGIUK gap. It received long-range radar inputs from five radar sites: the four sites in Iceland plus a data-tie from theTórshavn AS radar in theFaroe Islands. Tórshavn was located atop mountSornfelli. The ROCC remained active until the turnover of the facility in 2006.
Air Forces Iceland continued the air defense mission of Iceland as a tenant organization at Keflavik. Under ADC until 1979 and under TAC until 1992. On 1 June 1992,Air Combat Command (ACC) assumed command and control of AFI and the 57 FIS. Less than a year later, the 57 FIS was redesignated as the 57 Fighter Squadron (57 FS) and reassigned to the35th Fighter Wing that was transferred from the closingGeorge AFB, California.[citation needed]
On 1 October 1994, the 35th Wing was inactivated at Keflavik and reactivated that same day atMisawa Air Base inMisawa, Japan. The 35th Wing was replaced by the newly activated85th Wing. On 1 March 1995, the 57th FS was inactivated and the interceptor force was replaced by Regular Air Force andAir National Guard F-15 Eagle fighter aircraft rotating every 90 days to Iceland until the USAF inactivated the 85th Group in 2002.United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) took over ACC responsibilities at Keflavik on 1 October 2002 as part of a larger restructuring of the unified commands.
The 85th was reduced to a Group level and supported rotational deployments. The 85th Group continued to support rotational deployments until it was inactivated during a ceremony on 28 June 2006, as a result of the USAF reduction in forces in Iceland. All rotational fighters left and the56th Rescue Squadron ceased operation at the end of the fiscal year.[citation needed]
On 15 March 2006, theU.S. Ambassador to Iceland announced that the United States had decided to substantially reduce the size of the Iceland Defense Force.
During a six-month transition to reduce the military presence in Iceland, most facilities closed and most of the service members departed, leaving behind a core team of active duty and Reserve personnel to finish the job.
By mid-July 2006, many of the military spouses and military active duty staff had transferred.
On 8 September 2006, NASKEF's lastcommanding officer, Capt. Mark S. Laughton, presided over a ceremony effecting the disestablishment of the air station.[14][15]
On 26 October the government of Iceland established the Keflavik Airport Development Corporation or Kadeco which was given the task of converting those portions of the base no longer needed into civilian use.
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Since May 2008 Keflavik has periodically hosted NATO fighter, AWACS and support aircraft participating inIcelandic Air Policing deployments.[16][17]
In January 2010, Verne Holdings announced that it had received equity funding from theWellcome Trust to build adata center at Keflavik, taking advantage of the availablegeothermal power andfree cooling to minimize itscarbon footprint.[18] The datacenter was launched in February 2012.[19]
Since the NASKEF closure in 2006, Keflavík Airport remained a NATO stopover point and base, albeit with reduced facilities. The military areas ofKeflavík Airport remain in use under the administration of theIcelandic Coast Guard forNATO.[4]
In September 2015, news media reported U.S. government officials expressed a desire to reopen aspects of the NATO base of Keflavík Airport, to cope with increasing Russian military activity around Iceland.[20][21]
In 2016 the United States began preparations to establish regular patrol rotations at the base,[22] and in 2017 announced its intention to build new hangars to house Navy P-8 Poseidon aircraft.[5]
As of 2021 the United States had resumed use of Keflavík Airport for the deployment of B-2 Spirit stealth bombers, amongst other aircraft.[23]
During the summer of 2025 a deployment of fighters from Spanish Air Force has been done, using F18 and given tactical support using A400M, their mission is policing the Icelandic airspace.
The former main base area of NASKEF has since 2006 been redeveloped as residential housing and commercial properties by Kadeco, and are therefore not part of reactivated military activities. New military activities are not in the same area or facilities as NASKEF originally was, and not comparable to its original role.
.* United States Air Forces units changed from host to tenant status on 1 July 1961, when the U.S.Navy gained jurisdiction; the installation was renamed U.S. Naval Station Keflavik; Keflavik Airport became one of its tenants.
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.* Rotational TDY flights of aircraft from various squadrons of52d Operations Group,Spangdahlem AB, Germany
.** Rotational TDY flights of aircraft from48th Operations Group,RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom
Naval Air Station Keflavik was the host command for all U.S. defense activities in Iceland. The major commands stationed on the base were the USAF's 85th Group, Fleet Air Keflavik, the headquarters of the U.S.-provided Iceland Defense Force, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Keflavik, U.S. Naval Hospital Keflavik and theSound Surveillance System (SOSUS) shore terminal at Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Keflavik. The positions of Commander, Fleet Air Keflavik and Commander, Iceland Defence Force were held by the same U.S. Navy rear admiral. There were more than 25 different commands of various sizes and personnel from theU.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force,U.S. Marine Corps, andU.S. Coast Guard in Iceland. Also present were representatives from Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Denmark.
NASKEF was responsible for providing all support facilities, including the runways, housing, supply and recreational facilities.The primary mission of Naval Air Station Keflavik was to maintain and operate facilities and provide services and material to support operations of aviation activities and units of the operating forces of the Navy and other activities and units, as designated by the Chief of Naval Operations.
U.S. Navy use of the facility allowed the housing of rotationalP-3 Orion squadrons, aircraft, flight crews, maintenance and administrative support personnel from their CONUS home bases for six-month deployments in support ofantisubmarine warfare and maritime patrol missions until 2004. As a NATO mission, the U.S. Navy P-3s were frequently augmented by U.S.Navy Reserve P-3 squadrons and detachments ofCanadian ForcesCP-140 Aurora,Royal Netherlands Navy P-3,German NavyBreguet Atlantique andRoyal Air ForceHawker Siddeley Nimrod MR2 maritime patrol aircraft.
Army National Guard units and InterimMarine Security Forces stormed the lava fields surrounding the base during training exercises such asNorthern Viking.
NAS Keflavik employed approximately 900 Icelandic civilians who worked with military personnel, providing the services necessary to operate the base. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, the airfield was available for maritime patrol activities, air defense and for transiting aircraft between North America and Europe, in addition to supporting Iceland's international civilian aviation.
The NATO base did not have aStatus of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with the Icelandic Government and the base lacked the roadway entrance security gates characteristic of most military installations, having only Icelandic Customs officials instead. Icelandic nationals had unrestricted access to most of the base, especially since the civilian international airport terminal was also located on the base at the time. Icelandic nationals were only barred from actual security-restricted military facilities such as aircraft parking areas, squadron and hangar facilities and classified operations centers. During the height of the Cold War, this access situation created definitive operational security (OPSEC) concerns by U.S. and NATO officials due to potential espionage activities by Soviet operatives masquerading as Icelandic nationals. In addition, during this same time period, the formerSoviet Union constructed one of their largest embassy facilities in the nearby capital, Reykjavik, which doubled as a diplomatic cover for intelligence collection activities against U.S. and NATO military forces. Access to the base was restricted to authorized military and civilian personnel after the construction of a new civilian passenger terminal on the opposite side of the airfield in the mid-1980s.
The base offered a wide variety of recreational services which included bowling, swimming, gymnasium, theater, social clubs, aWendy's restaurant, and hobby centers. Other services included aNavy Exchange, commissary, bank, credit union, hospital, beauty shop, tour office and morale flights to the rest of Europe and the United States. Golfing was available in a nearby community.
The American base staff had their own names for various places in Iceland, e.g., "Kef" forKeflavík and "Hurdygurdy" forHveragerði.[citation needed]
63°57′13.4″N22°42′23.5″W / 63.953722°N 22.706528°W /63.953722; -22.706528
The 1965 decision to deploy the Sound Surveillance System to theNorwegian Sea was followed by establishment of Naval Facility Keflavik in which output of the array at sea was processed and displayed by means of theLow Frequency Analyzer and Recorder (LOFAR). In 1966 the first deployment of a 3 X 16 element array system was terminated at the facility. NAVFAC Keflavik was commissioned 1 March 1966 with nine officers and sixty-nine enlisted personnel, eventually reaching 15 officers and 163 enlisted.[27][28]
The first detection of SovietVictor- andCharlie-class submarines was in 1968 with systems terminating at the facility followed by the first detection of a SovietDelta Class Nuclear submarine in 1974. The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine had been byUnited States Naval Facility, Barbados on 6 July 1962 of a submarine off the coast of Norway as it entered theGreenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap.[27] Naval Facility Keflavik was decommissioned on 13 December 1996.[28]
NAS Keflavik features prominently inTom Clancy's 1986 techno-thriller novelRed Storm Rising.NAS Keflavik also features prominently in Icelandic authorArnaldur Indriðason's 1999 mystery thrillerNapóleonsskjölin, published in English in 2011 asOperation Napoleon.
This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
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