In 2021Russia was the world's second-largest producer ofnatural gas, producing an estimated 701 billioncubic meters (bcm) of gas a year, and the world's largestnatural gas exporter, shipping an estimated 250 bcm a year.[2] In 2022 the export market was significantly downsized[vague], following theRussian invasion of Ukraine and Russia reducing exports after countries refused to pay in rubles.[citation needed]
According toThe World Factbook estimate, the country also has the largest proven reserves (47 trillion cubic meters (tcm)).[2]BP estimates Russian reserves to be 33 tcm.[3][4] Additionally, Russia is likely to have the largest volume of undiscovered natural gas deposits, an additional 6.7 tcm, according to 2011US Geological Survey estimations.[5] Russia consumes approximately 460 bcm a year.[2] Flaring is a problem in Russia.[6]
There is a long history of subsidy of natural gas in Russia. Subsidies for natural gas has been one of the reasons for the limited growth of renewable energy in the country.[7] However, it is difficult to estimate the extent of subsidy, as there is no benchmark price.[8] Often netback calculations[clarification needed] have been used,[9] but there are arguments against their validity in determining the size of domestic subsidies.
Gazprom has had its gas sale price to domestic and industrial customers regulated by the Russian government since 1991, sometimes close to the operational cost, meaning that it needs to obtain high export sale values to generate a profit to subsidise the poor domestic return.[10]
TheIEA estimated 2021 gas subsidies at 42 billion USD, the largest in the world (it also estimatedelectricity subsidies as the largest).[11] Between 2014 and 2021 domestic gas prices in Russia increased annually by between 2% and 7%, in 2022 prices rose 8.5% with a 2023 price rise of a further 8%.[12]
In 2022 over 40% of electricity was generated by gas.[13]
The use of natural gas cars in Russia is encouraged by the government.[14] Aftermarket conversion kits are sold by companies likeItalgas, while someGAZ Group vehicles are sold with natural gas systems.[14] As of late 2016,Gazprom has a network of 254 filling stations in the country,[15] with plans to reach 500 stations by 2020.[16] TheNEFAZ bus manufacturing company makes gas-powered buses using Daimler engines.[17] A natural gas variant of theLada Vesta was introduced in 2017.[18]
Russia flares more than any other country.[6] The level of flaring increased in 2022 following the loss of the export pipelines to the EU to 1.6 bcm per annum, 9,000 tonnes of CO2 being emitted daily.[19]
TheEuropean Union in 2020 received over 50% of its natural gas from Russia, with around 40% in 2021 (140 bcm).[20] In 2022, following theinvasion of Ukraine Russia began to restrict gas supply to the EU in response to countries expressing support for Ukraine.[21] The supply of gas has not been made a subject of EU sanctions,[21] although the payment system was restricted. Germany, previously the main purchaser of Russian gas, reduced, then ceased imports by December 2022, as had most of the otherEU countries. 2022 saw the EU buy just 60 bcm of gas from Russia.[20]
Production of Russian gas in 2022 was 20% lower than in 2021 and it is likely to be years before Russia will find alternative buyers for the lost 120 bcmEU export market.[22]
The EU aims to end gas imports from Russia by 2027, includingLNG.[23]
On 21 May 2014, Russia and China announced an agreement between state controlled gas companies Gazprom andChina National Petroleum Corporation after a decade of negotiations. Under the agreement, Russia will supply China 38bcm of natural gas each year for 30 years, starting in 2018.[24] Both countries will be responsible for building new infrastructure to make the transport possible. Russia will spend about US$55 billion to build apipeline from Siberia to Vladivostok, while China will spend $20 billion on infrastructure within its borders.[25] The Kovykta and Chayanda gas fields which will supply the majority of the natural gas are currently largely undeveloped.[26]
Tentative agreements had been reached several times since 2005, but each time final negotiations broke down over price.[26] The agreed upon price was not disclosed, but those familiar with the situation said getting a lower price than European buyers was a key demand of China in the negotiations.[24] However, Russian representatives said the price would fluctuate based on the marketprice of oil, making the deal closer to what Russia had wanted than to what China had been asking for.[25] The total value of the deal was estimated at US$400 billion.[24] It will increase Russian exports to countries not part of the formerSoviet Union by 25% and make China the country's 2nd largest customer, after Germany.[26]
The agreement was reached as Chinese and Russian leaders met to discuss greater cooperation in Asia without involvement of Western powers. It was seen as an important political and economic victory for Russian PresidentVladimir Putin. It allows Russia to diversify its natural business outside of Europe and weakens the force of economic sanctions placed by the West in the aftermath of theRussian annexation of Crimea.[24] More generally, it allows Russia to reduce its isolation due to theRusso-Ukrainian war.[25] For China, the deal helps lessen its dependence on coal to produce electric power, using a cleaner method of electricity generation through natural gas. It also helps meet the country's growing demand for natural gas.[25]
ThePower of Siberia pipeline, was commissioned in December 2019. Carrying a maximum of 61 bcm per annum, it runs 3,968 km (2,466 mi) to the Chinese border, where it then connect to a 3,371 km (2,095 mi) pipeline to distribute the gas in China.
A new pipelinePower of Siberia 2, with a 50 bcm annual capacity that will run 6,700 km (4,200 mi) across Russia, Mongolia and China is proposed for construction 2024-2029.[27]
Muchnatural gas in Turkey is imported from Russia through pipelines under theBlack Sea.[28]
Since 2005, the Russian gas supplierGazprom and the Ukrainian oil and gas companyNaftogaz have been involved in a number of disputes. These disputes have grown beyond simple business disputes into transnational political issues that threaten natural gas supplies in numerous European countries dependent on natural gas imports from Russian suppliers, which are transported through Ukraine.[29]
During 2005, Russia claimed Ukraine was not paying for gas, but diverting that which was intended to be exported to the EU from the pipelines. Ukrainian officials at first denied the accusation, but later Naftogaz admitted that natural gas intended for other European countries was retained and used for domestic needs.[30][31] The dispute reached a peak on 1 January 2006, when Russia cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory.[32] On 4 January 2006, a preliminary agreement between Russia and Ukraine was achieved, and the supply was restored. The situation calmed until October 2007 when new disputes began over Ukrainian gas debts. This led to reduction of gas supplies in March 2008. During the last months of 2008, relations once again became tense when Ukraine and Russia could not agree on the debts owed by Ukraine.[citation needed]
In January 2009, this disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many European nations, with eighteen European countries reporting major drops in or complete cut-offs of their gas supplies transported through Ukraine from Russia.[33][34] In September 2009 officials from both countries stated they felt the situation was under control and that there would be no more conflicts over the topic,[35][36] at least until theUkrainian 2010 presidential elections.[37] However, in October 2009, another disagreement arose about the amount of gas Ukraine would import from Russia in 2010. Ukraine intended to import less gas in 2010 as a result of reduced industry needs because of itseconomic recession; however, Gazprom insisted that Ukraine fulfill its contractual obligations and purchase the previously agreed upon quantities of gas.[38]
On 8 June 2010, a Stockholm court of arbitration ruledNaftogaz of Ukraine must return 12.1 billion cubic metres (430 billion cubic feet) of gas toRosUkrEnergo, aSwiss-based company in which Gazprom controls a 50% stake. Russia accused the Ukrainian side of siphoning gas from pipelines passing through Ukraine in 2009.[39][40] Several high-ranking Ukrainian officials stated the return "would not be quick".[41]
In 2014, Russia seized Crimea and took assets belonging to Ukraine, with no compensation paid. In 2023, A court in The Hague ordered Russia to pay US$5 billion in compensation toNaftogaz.[42]
The2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, as the latest part of theRusso-Ukrainian War, caused the weaponising of natural gas, which Russia tried to use to stop Western European countries from providing support to Ukraine. Threatening and then actually restricting gas supplies to Western Europe resulted inNord Stream 1 deliveries being halted indefinitely,[43][44] withNord Stream 2 having had its commissioning put on hold by Germany following Russia'srecognition of the Ukrainian separatist regions of theDonetsk People's Republic and theLuhansk People's Republic asindependent,[45] was followed by the September 262022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage.
Sanctions on Russian banks make it hard for Gazprom to receive money from international sales, which in 2022 fell 45.5% to 100.9bcm.[46]
Gazprom published a loss during the second half of 2022 of 1.3 trillion roubles ($17.3 billion) after losing 75% of its export sales.[12]
As of 2024, theUrengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline inSudzha was the last remaining point through which natural gas flowed from Russia to Europe via Ukraine.[47]
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