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Anational epic is anepic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks to or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particularnation—not necessarily anation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations toindependence orautonomy. National epics frequently recount the origin of a nation, a part of its history, or a crucial event in the development of national identity such as othernational symbols.
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In medieval times Homer'sIliad was taken to be based on historical facts, and theTrojan War came to be considered as seminal in the genealogies of European monarchies.[1] Virgil'sAeneid was taken to be the Roman equivalent of theIliad, starting from the Fall of Troy and leading up to the birth of the young Roman nation. According to the then-prevailing conception of history,[vague] empires were born and died in organic succession and correspondences existed between the past and the present.Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century classically inspiredHistoria Regum Britanniae, for example, fulfilled this function for theBritish orWelsh. Just as kings longed to emulate great leaders of the past, Alexander or Caesar, it was a temptation for poets to become a new Homer or Virgil. In 16th-century Portugal,Luís de Camões celebrated Portugal as a naval power in hisOs Lusíadas whilePierre de Ronsard set out to writeLa Franciade, an epic meant to be the Gallic equivalent of Virgil's poem that also traced back France's ancestry to Trojan princes.[2]
The emergence of a nationalethos, however, preceded the coining of the phrasenational epic, which seems to originate withRomantic nationalism. Where no obvious national epic existed, the "Romantic spirit" was motivated to fill it. An early example of poetry that was invented to fill a perceived gap in "national" myth isOssian, the narrator and supposed author of a cycle of poems byJames Macpherson, which Macpherson claimed to have translated from ancient sources inScottish Gaelic. However, many national epics (including Macpherson'sOssian) antedate 19th-century romanticism.
Adam Mickiewicz'sPan Tadeusz (1834) is often considered the last epic poem in European literature.[3][4]
Since the early 20th century, the phrase has no longer necessarily applied to an epic poem, and occurs to describe a literary work that readers and critics agree is emblematical of the literature of a nation, without necessarily including details from that nation's historical background. In this context the phrase has definitely positive connotations, as for example inJames Joyce'sUlysses where it is suggestedDon Quixote is Spain's national epic while Ireland's remains as yet unwritten:
They remind one of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Our national epic has yet to be written, Dr Sigerson says. Moore is the man for it. A knight of the rueful countenance here in Dublin.[5]