Culinary dish strongly associated with a particular country
A type ofpizza (pizza margherita Italy and its variants are among the most popular foods in the world Anational dish is a culinarydish that is strongly associated with a particular country.[ 1]
National dishes are part ofa nation's identity and self-image.[ 2] [ 3]
Some countries such asMexico ,China orIndia , because of their diverse ethnic populations, cultures, and cuisines, do not have a single national dish, even unofficially.[ 2]
This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.
Argentine empanadas Austrianwiener schnitzel Belgianfrites with mayonnaise Peking duck , ChinaCambodia :fish amok ,[ 48] [ 49] num banhchok [ 50] samlar kako [ 51] [ 52] Cameroon :ndolé [ 53] Canada :poutine ,[ 54] [ 55] [ 56] donair ,[ 57] butter tarts ,[ 58] [ 59] Nanaimo bar ,tourtière Cape Verde :cachupa Central African Republic :cassava Chad :boule Chile :empanada ,[ 60] pastel de choclo ,[ 61] marraqueta [ 62] [ 63] China :Peking duck ,[ 64] crayfish ,[ 65] [ 66] hot pot ,dumpling ,malaxiangguo ,dim sum ,[ 67] kaolengmian ,tanghulu Colombia :ajiaco ,[ 68] bandeja paisa [ 69] Comoros : Langouste a la vanille (vanilla lobster )[ 70] Democratic Republic of the Congo :poulet à la moambé [ 71] Republic of the Congo :poulet moambé [ 71] Costa Rica :casado ,chifrijo (chicharrón or deep fried seasoned pork pieces served withbeans , usually red or black beans),white rice andpico de gallo (it may be served withavocado and/orcorn chips ),gallo pinto ,[ 6] olla de carne (stewed beef soup with a variety of vegetables).Croatia :zagorski štrukli ,[ 6] [ 72] jota ,[ 73] pašticada (Dalmatia)Cuba :ropa vieja [ 74] [ 75] Cyprus :souvla ,[ 76] kleftiko ,[ 77] [ 78] trachanás [ 79] Czech Republic :vepřo knedlo zelo (roastpork withdumplings andsauerkraut ),[ 80] svíčková ,[ 81] paštika Danish smørrebrød FinnishKarjalanpaisti (Karelian hot pot) Pot-au-feu , national dish of FranceFiji : Fiji kokoda (Fijian ceviche )[ 98] Finland :rye bread ,[ 99] Karelian pie ,karjalanpaisti ,lohikeitto ,joulutorttu France :escargot ,pot-au-feu ,[ 100] [ 101] beef bourguignon ,[ 102] [ 103] blanquette de veau ,[ 102] steak frites ,[ 102] baguette ,[ 104] cassoulet ,[ 105] cheese ,[ 106] crêpe ,[ 107] crème caramel ,[ 108] croissant ,poule au pot (historical),[ 109] chou à la crème Gabon :poulet nyembwe [ 110] The Gambia :domoda [ 111] Georgia :khachapuri ,[ 112] [ 113] [ 114] khinkali [ 115] Germany :schweinshaxe ,bratwurst ,sauerbraten ,[ 116] döner kebab ,[ 117] currywurst ,[ 118] eisbein withsauerkraut [ 119] [ 120] [ 121] Ghana :fufu ,jollof rice Greece :horiatiki ,[ 122] moussaka ,[ 123] fasolada [ 124] [ 123] souvlaki ,[ 123] gyros ,[ 123] magiritsa ,[ 123] kokoretsi [ 123] Grenada :oil down [ 125] Guatemala :pepián [ 126] Guinea :poulet yassa Guinea-Bissau :caldo de mancarra Guyana :pepperpot andchicken curry [ 127] Hungariangoulash Satay , one of the national dishes of IndonesiaA dish ofpasta (carbonara Iceland :lamb ,[ 128] [ 129] [ 130] hákarl [ 131] [ 130] [ 6] India :Khichdi ,Chaat ,butter chicken ,biryani ,Dal ,dosa ,idli [ 132] [ 133] [ 134] [ 135] Indonesia :nasi goreng ,[ 136] [ 137] tumpeng ,[ 138] satay ,[ 136] [ 137] soto ,[ 136] [ 139] rendang ,[ 136] gado gado [ 136] Iran :abgoosht ,[ 6] chelo kabab ,[ 140] ghormeh sabzi [ 141] Fesenjan Iraq :masgouf ,[ 142] dolma ,Iraqi kebab ,quzi Ireland :soda bread ,[ 143] butter ,[ 144] [ 145] Irish stew Israel :falafel (served inpita ),[ 146] [ 147] [ 148] [ 149] [ 150] Israeli salad ,[ 151] [ 152] meorav Yerushalmi ,[ 153] sabich ,Ptitim Italy :pasta ,[ 154] [ 36] pizza ,[ 155] [ 156] risotto ,[ 157] mozzarella ,[ 158] Parmigiano Reggiano ,[ 159] Italian wine Ivory Coast :atcheke [ 160] Sushi , JapanKoreankimchi Kazakhstan :beshbarmak [ 169] Kenya :ugali withsukuma wiki ,[ 170] githeri ,[ 170] chapati ,[ 170] [ 171] nyama choma [ 172] Kiribati :Palusami Korea, North :raengmyŏn ,[ 173] kimchi [ 174] Korea, South :kimchi ,[ 175] bulgogi ,[ 176] bibimbap ,[ 177] jajangmyeon ,[ 178] [ 179] bingsu ,[ 180] tteokbokki Kosovo :flia [ 181] Kuwait :Machboos Laham Kyrgyzstan :beshbarmak [ 182] Tabbouleh , LebanonNasi lemak , a national dish ofMalaysia .Dhido , NepalPhilippine adobo , a national dish of thePhilippines Pakistan :biryani ,nihari , chicken karahi,gulab jamun [ 225] Palestine :maqluba ,[ 226] musakhan ,[ 227] falafel [ 228] [ 229] Panama :sancocho [ 6] Paraguay :Sopa paraguaya Peru :ceviche ,[ 230] pollo a la brasa [ 231] Philippines :adobo ,[ 232] [ 233] [ 234] [ 235] sinigang ,[ 232] [ 234] sisig ,[ 232] [ 236] pancit ,[ 232] [ 237] halo-halo ,[ 233] lechon [ 238] Poland :bigos ,[ 6] pierogi ,[ 239] kotlet schabowy ,[ 240] Portugal :bacalhau ,[ 241] caldo verde ,[ 242] cozido à portuguesa ,[ 6] [ 243] [ 244] Pastel de Belem , Sardinha Assada (Grilled Sardines)[ 245] Romania :mămăligă ,[ 247] sarmale ,[ 248] mici [ 249] Russia :beef stroganoff ,chicken Kiev ,pierogi ,borscht ,[ 250] shchi ,[ 251] Kasha ,[ 251] pelmeni ,[ 6] pirozhki ,[ 252] [ 253] Olivier salad ,[ 254] blini [ 255] Rwanda :ibihaza Swedishcrayfish called Kräftskiva San Marino :torta tre monti Saudi Arabia :saleeg ,kabsa ,jareesh ,maqshus [ 256] Senegal :thieboudienne [ 6] Serbia :ćevapčići ,[ 257] [ 258] [ 259] pljeskavica ,[ 260] gibanica (pastry),[ 261] Karađorđeva steak ,[ 262] sarma ,[ 263] pasulj [ 264] Singapore :chilli crab ,[ 265] Hainanese chicken rice ,[ 266] Hokkien mee [ 267] Slovakia :pirohi ,bryndzové halušky [ 268] Slovenia :cremeschnitte ,buckwheat dumplings [ 269] [ 270] štruklji ),[ 271] Idrijski žlikrofi ,[ 272] Carniolan sausage [ 273] Somalia :bariis Iskukaris South Africa :bobotie [ 274] Spain :tortilla de patatas [ 275] Sri Lanka :rice and curry ,[ 281] kottu [ 36] Suriname :pom [ 282] Sweden :köttbullar ,[ 283] [ 6] kräftskiva ,[ 283] [ 284] surströmming (fermented Baltic herring),[ 285] [ 286] pickled herring with potatoes,[ 287] ostkaka ,[ 288] smörgåstårta (savory sandwich cake)[ 289] kebab pizza .[ 290] Switzerland :fondue ,muesli ,raclette ,rösti (core national dishes).[ 291] cervelat (national sausage),[ 292] [ 6] Zürcher geschnetzeltes ,[ 293] cordon bleu [ 294] Syria :kibbeh [ 22] Tom yum kung , national dish of ThailandTajikistan :osh palov ,[ 295] qurutob [ 295] [ 296] Taiwan :beef noodle soup ,[ 297] minced pork rice [ 298] Tanzania :chipsi mayai [ 299] Thailand :pad thai ,pad gaprao ,tom yum kung ,[ 300] som tam [ 301] Togo :fufu Tonga :'ota 'ika Trinidad and Tobago :crab and callaloo,doubles ,[ 302] pelau ,[ 303] bake and shark ,[ 304] Roti [ 305] Tunisia :couscous ,[ 6] brik/bric [ 307] Turkey :doner kebab ,dürüm ,kuru fasulye withpilaf ,[ 308] [ 309] kebap ,[ 310] baklava ,[ 311] [ 312] simit ,[ 313] kapuska Tuvalu :pulaka ASunday roast – in this example,mashed potatoes ,vegetables is a national dish of theUK – the addition of miniYorkshire puddings here mark this variation as specificallyEnglish . Uganda :matooke [ 220] Ukraine :chicken Kiev ,pierogi ,borscht ,[ 314] [ 315] varenyky [ 316] [ 317] United Arab Emirates :harees ,shuwa [ 318] United Kingdom :fish and chips [ 319] chicken tikka masala ,[ 320] [ 321] potato crisps [ 322] United States :apple pie ,[ 337] [ 338] cheeseburger ,hamburger ,[ 339] [ 340] hot dog ,[ 337] [ 340] fried chicken ,Salisbury steak ,turkey ,[ 340] [ 341] mashed potatoes andgravy (historical)[ 342] Uruguay :chivito [ 6] Uzbekistan :Uzbek Plov (also spelled palov and sometimes called osh)[ 350] Latin American dishes [ edit ] InLatin America , dishes may be claimed or designated as aplato nacional ,[ 358] [citation needed Preparations ofceviche are endemic inPeru andEcuador , while a thin cut of beef known asmatambre is considered close to being a national dish inParaguay .[ 359] meat ,plantains , androot vegetables are theplatos nacionales of several countries inCentral America ,South America , and theCaribbean : Colombianajiaco sancocho Dominican Republic ,Colombia , andPanama , are examples of platos nacionales. Janer (2008) observes that this sharing of the sameplato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish that is special to that country; she states that cuisine does not respect national and geopolitical borders.[ 2]
The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger among expatriate communities in North America.[ 2] plato nacional [ 360] Latino orHispanic American .[ 2]
Ćevapčići , considered a national dish in several Balkan states
Couscous , national dish of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia
Phở , Vietnamese noodle soup, considered a Vietnamese national dish
Poutine , considered one of the national dishes of Canada
Theespresso national drink of Italy. Its name comes from the Italianesprimere, which means "to express," and refers to the process by which hot water is forced under pressure through ground coffee.[ 362] Anational drink is a distinct beverage that is strongly associated with a particular country, and can be part of theirnational identity and self-image. These drinks can be eitheralcoholic ornon-alcoholic . Alcoholic national drinks might be spirits consumed straight (likevodka inRussia ), but more often, they are mixed drinks (such ascaipirinhas inBrazil andSingapore Slings inSingapore ),beer , orwine . Non-alcoholic national drinks includeCoca-Cola in theUnited States ,boba tea inTaiwan , andThai iced tea inThailand .
Several factors can qualify a beverage as a national drink:
Regional ingredients and popularity: The drink is made from locally sourced ingredients and is commonly consumed, such asmango lassi in India, which usesdahi , a traditionalyogurt .[ 363] Unique local ingredients: The beverage contains an exotic ingredient that is unique to the region. Cultural tradition: The drink plays a significant role infestive traditions andcultural heritage . Official promotion: The country actively promotes the drink as a national symbol. Choosing a single national drink can be challenging for some countries due to their diverse cultures and populations, such as Mexico or India. Conversely, some beverages, likepisco sour , are claimed by more than one country—bothPeru andChile , in this case.
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Sabah^ Thomas MacGill (1808).Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia During the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806: With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands, Volume 2 ISBN 978-2-06-100063-2 {{cite book }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help ) ^ PUJA CHANGOIWALA (23 July 2019)."Gaziantep: The Little Known Culinary Paradise of Turkey" .The Quint . Retrieved25 August 2020 . ^ Aruna Chandaraju (26 August 2020)."Ooh la la over baklava" . Deccan Herald. Retrieved26 August 2020 . ^ Roth, Alisa (1 November 2012)."Simit: Turkey's National Bread" Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture .12 (4):31– 36.doi :10.1525/GFC.2012.12.4.31 . Retrieved26 August 2010 . ^ Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), "Борщ",Українська нацiональна кухня , Сталкер, p. 31 L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), "Borscht",Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers, p. 31 ^ В. В. Похлёбкин (2000),Кулинарный словарь от А до Я William Pokhlyobkin (2000), "Borscht",The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z (in Russian), Centrpoligraf^ Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), "Вареники",Українська нацiональна кухня , Сталкер L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), "Varenyky",Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers, p. 181 ^ В. В. Похлёбкин (2000), "Вареники",Кулинарный словарь от А до Я , Центрполиграф, p. 181 William Pokhlyobkin (2000),The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z (in Russian), Centrpoligraf^ "Food & Drink in Abu Dhabi" . February 2021.^ "Fish and Chips" inFast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (2011). Ed. Andrew F. Smith. ABC-CLIOp. 258 .In Search of Total Perfection (2010). Bloomsbury:p. 205 .Fish and Chips , Historic UK.Further Adventures in Search of Perfection p. 100 Roy, Parama (2010).Alimentary Tracts: Appetites, Aversions, and the Postcolonial ISBN 978-0-8223-4788-0 p. 3 ^ Muir, Hugh (12 May 2013)."Robin Cook's chicken tikka speech, twelve years later" .The Guardian . London. Retrieved6 June 2021 . ^ Lemm, Elaine (5 May 2019)."The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland" .The Spruce Eats . Retrieved4 June 2019 . ^ Noble, Will (2025-07-17)."The greasy airbag of gratification that became Britain's national dish" .CNN . Retrieved2025-07-21 . ^ "Cornish pasties can't be pirated" .gov.uk (Press release). Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. 22 February 2011. Retrieved21 July 2022 .^ Simon (2023-04-29)."History of the Devon Cream Tea" .VisitDartmoor . Retrieved2024-05-17 . ^ Tamplin, Harley (2017-06-17)."Historians reveal the Cornish Pasty was invented in Devon and now there's beef" .Metro . Retrieved2024-05-17 . ^ "Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic" .Travel . 13 September 2011. Archived fromthe original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved8 August 2020 .^ Robert Appelbaum,Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections: Literature, Culture, and Food Among the Early Moderns (2006). University of Chicago Press, p. 214 ^ "Crumpet Man, the history of crumpets" .crumpetman.com . Retrieved2024-05-17 .^ "Made up in Britain: Custard : Alfred Bird 1837" .madeupinbritain.uk . Retrieved2024-05-17 .^ "Alfred Bird" ,Wikipedia , 2024-03-07, retrieved2024-05-17 ^ "American by Association ⎮ Milk + Honey" .Milk + Honey . 2017-07-12. Retrieved2024-05-17 .^ Peter Earle.The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730 (1989). University of California Press: p. 279.Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery (1883), p. 137.About Plum Pudding ,Everyday Housekeeping: A Magazine for Practical Housekeepers and Mothers (Vol. 13-14), p. 97. ^ "Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)" . European Cuisines. 10 March 2008. Retrieved3 October 2013 .^ Sari Edelstein.Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals (2010). Jones & Bartlett : p. 118.Frommer's Scotland (2012). John Wiley & Sons: p. 28. ^ "Deep Fried Mars Bars Recipe" .Frymax . 2023-02-17. Retrieved2024-08-18 .^ "Welsh national dish" . Foodmuseum.com. Archived fromthe original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved4 July 2010 .^a b Danny Walsh (5 July 2017).Recipes for Reminiscence: The Year in Food-Related Memories, Activities and Tastes ISBN 978-1-351-70537-0 ^ Crawford, Constance (1988).The Muse of Menus: Stories from Life and Cooking ISBN 978-0-936784-64-9 Raymond A. Sokolov (1998).Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods ISBN 978-1-56792-037-6 Mann, Bill (10 May 2012)."Will poutine become Canada's national dish?" .MarketWatch . Vancouver. Retrieved15 May 2020 . ^ "Top 10 National Dishes" .National Geographic . 13 September 2011. Archived fromthe original . Retrieved1 January 2020 .Eric Schlosser (2012).Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal 197– 199.ISBN 978-0-547-75033-0 ^a b c Mark Stewart (August 2016).The United States and Canada ISBN 978-1-4846-3814-9 ^ George Frederick Scotson-Clark (1923).Eating Without Fears 87 . ^ Smyth, Clifford (1924).The Literary Digest International Book Review Industrial Development and Manufacturers' Record ^ Trumbull, Robert (1977). "Two Samoas".Tin Roofs and Palm Trees (PDF) . Australian National University Press. p. 196.ISBN 0-7081-0744-3 ^ Martinez, Lacee A.C. (19 May 2016)."Pucker up: Yigo to celebrate first citrus festival" .Pacific Daily News . Guam. Retrieved4 January 2020 . ^ Kramer, Hilary (24 August 2013)."Spam Is For Eating --- Not Deleting" .Forbes . Retrieved4 January 2020 . ^ Minahan, James B. (23 December 2009).The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes] ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8 Wise, Naomi (10 March 2005)."Your Special Island" .San Diego Reader . Retrieved4 January 2020 . ^ Squires, Kathleen (5 December 2014)."Where to Find the Best Roast Pork in Puerto Rico" The Wall Street Journal . New York City. Retrieved14 February 2020 . Claiborne, Craig (5 July 1978)."A 'Casual' Dinner in Puerto Rico" The New York Times . Retrieved14 February 2020 . Philpott, Don (28 February 2003).Landmark Puerto Rico ISBN 978-1-901522-34-1 Ritschel, Chelsea (11 December 2019)."What Christmas Dinner Looks Like Around The World" Independent . United Kingdom.Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved14 February 2020 . ^ Mariano, Maureen Aimee (4 April 2016)."The Five Best Places for Mofongo in Miami" .Miami New Times . Retrieved3 January 2020 . "Foods of Puerto Rico" .American Indian Health and Diet Project . Kansas University. Retrieved3 January 2020 .Popular foods in Puerto Rico include the national dish, mofongo (below), made with fried and mashed plantains that are mixed with shrimp, bacon, olive oil and garlic. Zaino, Caitlin (15 July 2013)."On the mofongo trail in Puerto Rico" .Travel . BBC. Retrieved3 January 2020 .From urban Old San Juan to the beaches of Isla Verde, past the cities of Bayamón and Ponce, through lush rainforest and striking coastlines, mofongo proudly stands as Puerto Rico's unofficial national dish. Pitzer, Kurt (2 September 2009).Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central ISBN 978-1-58843-796-9 ^ Minahan, James B. (23 December 2009).The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes] ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8 Fodor's Travel Guides (10 October 2017).Fodor's U.S. & British Virgin Islands ISBN 978-0-14-754695-1 ^ "Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov" . Orexca.com. Retrieved3 October 2013 ."Welcome to Uzbek National Cuisine!" . Uzbekcuisine.com. Retrieved3 October 2013 .^ "Correspondents Report - The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap" .www.abc.net.au . 24 April 2021. Retrieved10 July 2021 .^ "National Dishes of the World – Ranked" .The Hungry Voyagers . 2023-05-22. Retrieved2024-08-03 .^ "The Best and Wackiest Foods to Try in Venezuela" . 2 March 2015.^ "How Venezuelan Traditions Work" . 25 July 2011.^ Salloum, Habeeb (2014).Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond 154– 162.ISBN 978-1-59152-134-1 ^ Pumza Fihlani (17 September 2019)."Why Africa should 'stop eating one of its favourite foods' .BBC . Retrieved28 August 2020 . ^ Bob Gibbons, Siân Pritchard-Jones (2 May 2014).Africa Overland ISBN 978-184-162-494-5 . Retrieved28 August 2020 . ^ "plato nacional " .linguee.com .^ Jim Hillibish (3 June 2010)."Boiling Point: Matambre a South American spin on Italian beef" . Leavenworth Times. Archived fromthe original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved23 August 2020 . ^ online, testing (12 December 1990)."plato nacional" .spanishdict ^ Helena Szymanderska. Polska wigilia. 2000 ^ "Qual è il caffè espresso perfetto e come va bevuto?" (in Italian). Retrieved13 June 2022 .^ Caballero, B.; Finglas, P.; Toldra, F. (2015).Encyclopedia of Food and Health 345– 351.ISBN 978-0-12-384953-3 . RetrievedDecember 6, 2017 .
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